45

Table 3.1.1 Methods of Wastewater Analysis and Possibilities for Reducing Environmental Impact Page 1
	Pollutant/ properties	Unit		Analysis method		Methods for elimination or reduction
1	Undissolved substances	mg/l		DEV H₂, SM 148, 224		Mechanical treatment, flocculation, biol. treatment
2	Substances which can be precipitated	mg/l		DEV H₂, SM 224, z x/1/76		Mechanical clarification, flocculation, biol. treatment
3	Suspended matter	mg/l		Difference from 1 and 2		Flocculation (filtration), biol. treatment
4	Turbidity	cm visibility		DIN standard 38 404-C₂, SM 163, 232		Flocculation (filtration), biol. treatment
5	Colours			DIN standard 38 404-C₁, SM 118, 206		Flocculation, coagulation, flotation
6	Temperature	°C		DIN standard 38 404-C₄, SM 162		Cooling (towers, lagoons, trickling filters)
7	Odour			DEV B_1/2, SM 136, 217
8	pH			DEV C₅/S₅, SM 144, 221		Neutralisation
9	Conductivity	µS/cm		DEV C₈, SM 154, 226
Table 3.1.1 Methods of Wastewater Analysis, and Possibilities for Reducing Environmental Impact Page 2
	Pollutant/ properties		Unit		Analysis method	Methods for elimination or reduction
10	Total, evaporation, and incineration residue		mg/l		DEV H1/S3, SM 148, 224
11	BOD		mgO₂/ l		DEV H5, SM 141, 219 DIN 38409-H91	Biodegradation, aerobic, anaerobic
12	COD		mgO₂/ l		SM 142, 220 Z x/2/76 DIN 38409-H41 and -A₃₀ ARAVwV1) no.303	Biodegradation, aerobic, anaerobic
13	Total organic carbon, TOC		mgC/l		SM 138
14	Oxygen		mgO₂/ l		DEV G2/J8, SM 140, 218
15	Total nitrogen, organic		mg/l		DEV H11, H12	Biodegradation, aerobic, anaerobic
16	Colloids		mg/l		DEV H3
17	Oils, fats		mg/l		DEV H17, H18 SM 137, 209	Separators
18	Lignin, tannin		mg/l		SM 160
19	Hydrocarbons		µg/l		DEV H15
20	Organic poisons		µg/l		SM 139	Biodegradation
Table 3.1.1 Methods of Waste Water Analysis, and Possibilities for Reducing Environmental Impact Page 3
	Pollutant/ properties	Unit		Analysis method		Methods for elimination or reduction
21	Phosphorus	mg/l		ARAVwV no.108
22	Nitrogen	mg/l		ARAVwV no.106/107, 202
23	AOX	g/l		DIN standard 38409-H14, ARAVwV no.302
24	Chloride etc.	mg/l		DEV D5-7, D15, J7, SM 156 - 158, 228		Ion exchange, ultra-filtration, rev. osmosis
25	Nitrate, nitrite	mg/l		DEV D9-10, E5 SM 131-135, 212-216		Biological decomposition
26	Heavy metals	mg/l		SM 211, ARAVwV no.207 (Ca) no.209 (chromium)/214 (Ni)/206 (Pb)/213 (Cu)/215 (Hg)		Flocculation
27	Na+ etc.	mg/l		DEV H13-15, SM 126, 147, 153		Ion exchange, ultra-filtration, rev. osmosis
28	Toxicity and biodegradability			DEV L2-3
29	Population equivalent			DEV L1
30	Toxicity to fish	TF*, %, TEF		DEV L15, SM231 DIN standard 3842-L20, ARAVwV 401
31	Biological/ ecological water inspection (water quality classes)			DEV M1-7, SM 601-606

DEV: Deutsches Einheitsverfahren [German standardisation procedure]

SM: Standard methods (APHA)

Z: Zellcheming code of practice

1) ARAVwV: Appendix to the Rahmen-Abwasser-Verwaltungsvorschrift of 08.09.1989 [General Administrative Framework Regulation]

* TEF: toxicity emission factor ** TF: toxity to fish

Table 3.1.2A (Minimum) Wastewater Requirements (specific) As at January 1990 in Germany
Type of pulp or paper	COD kg/t max. 2)	BOD kg/t max.	BOD mg /l	AOX kg/t max.	Toxicity to fish TF max.	Substances which can be precipitated ml/l max.
Pulp (generally)	70	5		1**	2
Paper: writing and printing papers, depending on type	5 - 7	0.7 -6	25		0.5	0.5 0.5
Based on waste paper	6	1.2				0.5
Parchment	12	6			0.5	0.5

2) Tonne, air dry = 0.9 t absolutely dry

**) Not applicable to dissolving pulp until 31.12.1992

Table 3.1.2b Pollutant Units for the Measurement of Wastewater Discharges in Germany
No.	Pollutants and pollutant groups assessed	The following units of measurement are equivalent to one pollution unit in each case	Threshold values by concentration and annual quantity
1	Oxidizable substances in chemical oxygen demand (COD)	50 kilograms oxygen	20 milligrams per litre and 250 kilograms annual quantity
2	Phosphorus	3 kilograms	0.1 milligrams per litre and 15 kilograms annual quantity
3	Nitrogen	25 kilograms	5 milligrams per litre and 125 kilograms annual quantity
4	Organic halogen compounds as adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX)	2 kilograms halogen, calculated as organically bound chlorine	100 micrograms per litre and 10 kilograms annual quantity
5	Metals and their compounds:		and
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6	Mercury Cadmium Chromium Nickel Lead Copper	20 grams 100 grams 500 grams 500 grams 500 grams 1,000 grams of metal	1 microgram 5 micrograms 50 micrograms 50 micrograms 50 micrograms 100 micrograms per litre	100 grams 500 grams 2.5 kilograms 2.5 kilograms 2.5 kilograms 5 kilograms annual quantity
6	Toxicity to fish	3,000 cubic metres of wastewater divided by TF	TF = 2

TF is the dilution factor at which the wastewater is no longer toxic in the fish test.

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