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4.3 Powders from flowers, fruits or grains
Product or Method |
Application |
Mode of Action |
Effects on Target Organism |
Remarks and particular Recommendation |
Region |
|
| Pests | Efficiency | |||||
| a) Powdered flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (pyrethrum). | Storage areas and produce are powdered. | The ingredients (pyrethrins) have insecticidal effects (neurotoxic), repulse and inhibit feeding activities. | All kinds of pests. Comparatively good effect on Prostephanus truncatus. | High initial efficacy, but very limited long term effectiveness. | The active ingredient degrades rapidly because of sensitivity to light Useful where its knock down effect is desired. Take care during application; inhalation causes head aches, avoid all skin contact. | Countries of East Africa. |
| b) Powder from dried fruits of red pepper (Capsicum spp.) whole fruits or pieces of the fruit (fresh or dried). | The powder is mixed with the produce at different dosages; used as a protective layer. Dried pods are burned underneath granaries (fumigation). | The ingredients are efficient as a feeding insecticide, inhibit feeding activities, are a repellent and can be used to fumigate; bactericide effects evident. | Against rice and other cereal pests; also frequently used against bruchids on grain legumes. | Good protection for some months. | Traditional method of the Aztecs against maize pests, today well known throughout the world. Efficiency is strengthened by mixing with ashes and inert dusts. Take care when handling the powder; it causes irritation mucous membranes! It influences the taste and smell of the produce | Entire African continent, especially West Africa. |
| c) Dried fruit of black pepper (Piper spp) whole or powdered. | The dried preparations are mixed with the produce. | The ingredients of the pepper act as a contact and feeding insecticide, inhibit feeding activity, and have a significant bactericidal effect | Coleoptera and moths in stored produce. | Good results for 3 months. | For protection of stored grain, legumes and rice against pests. Possible effect on taste and smell of the produce. | African countries with hot and humid climates. |
| d) Powder from ripe, dried kernels of neem. | Between 0,5 to 4 volume % on and grain legumes. | Efficiency is the same as for leaves (4. 1.d). The active ingredients are contained in all parts of the plant, the highest concentration is in the kernels. | Pests of stored cereals and grain legumes; particularly coleoptera. | Good protection. Long term effectiveness can reach one year depending on dosage. | Differences in efficiency depending on the provenance of neem kernels must be considered for dosage. The germination capacity of seeds is not affected by the treatment. | Widely used on the entire African continent. |
| e) Powdered grains of Annona spp. | 0,5 to 2 grams on 100g of grain legumes. | Efficiency is the same as 4.1. a. | Against coleoptera (particularly legumes) and moths (4. 1. a.) | Good protection for 3 to 4 months. | Recommendable because of its efficiency. Avoid getting powder in eyes as this is painful. | Entire African continent. |