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Table 2 Production of Root/Tuber Crops in Developing Countries (thousands of tons)
| Crops | Africa | Latin America | Near East | Far East | South Pacific | Total | % 1975 |
| Cassava | 42,884 | 32,201 | 1,128 | 27,643 | 221 | 104,037 | 59.7 |
| Potatoes | 2,039 | 8,951 | 4,206 | 8,445 | - | 23,641 | 13.6 |
| Yam | 19,279 | 291 | 260 | 30 | 200 | 20,060 | 11.5 |
| Sweet Potatoes | 5,539 | 3,379 | 94 | 8,764 | 560 | 18,336 | 10.5 |
| Taro | 3,569 | - | 59 | 90 | 262 | 3,980 | 2.2 |
| Others | 1.446 | 811 | - | 1,674 | 390 | 4,321 | 2.5 |
| Total | 74,716 | 45,633 | 5,747 | 46,646 | 1,633 | 174,375 |
Source: FAO Production Yearbook
Table 3 Production of Major Vegetables, 1978 (thousands of tons)
| Vegetable | World | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Centrally Planned |
| Tomatoes | 47,087 | 19,301 | 14,475 | 13,310 |
| Cabbage | 32,098 | 10,593 | 3,631 | 17,874 |
| Watermelon | 23,635 | 4,946 | 11,044 | 7,645 |
| Onions | 18,243 | 6,158 | 6,788 | 5,297 |
| Carrots | 10,073 | 4,417 | 700 | 4,956 |
| Cucumbers | 9,819 | 3,480 | 1,384 | 4,955 |
| Peppers, green | 5,999 | 1,742 | 2,270 | 1,988 |
| Melons | 5,864 | 2,325 | 2,118 | 1,321 |
| Pumpkins | 4,885 | 1,116 | 2,382 | 1,387 |
| Peas, green | 4,551 | 3,116 | 584 | 851 |
| Cnuliflower | 4,283 | 2,243 | 997 | 1,043 |
| Eggplant | 4,031 | 1,229 | 1,504 | 1,298 |
| Beans, green | 2,429 | 1,407 | 548 | 474 |
| Garlic | 2,111 | 449 | 1,074 | 588 |
| Artichokes | 1,254 | 1,084 | 170 | - |
Data from FAO Production Yearbook 1978
Table 4 Production of Major Fruits 1978 (thousands of tone)
| Fruit | World | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Centrally Planned |
| Crapes | 56,030 | 35,658 | 11,264 | 9,981 |
| Bananas | 36,892 | 582 | 35,163 | 1,047 |
| Oranges | 34,110 | 14,637 | 18,344 | 1,129 |
| Apples | 31,280 | 15,753 | 4,370 | 11,157 |
| Plantains | 20,391 | - | 20,391 | - |
| Citrus, nor orange | 16,804 | 10,778 | 5,558 | 469 |
| Mangoes | 13,782 | 14 | 13,501 | 266 |
| Pears | 7,651 | 4,555 | 876 | 2,221 |
| Pineapple | 6,836 | 980 | 4,896 | 961 |
| Peaches | 6,787 | 4,560 | 1,168 | 1,058 |
| Plums | 5,241 | 2,465 | 481 | 2,296 |
| Dates | 2,264 | 39 | 2,625 | - |
| Apricots | 1,584 | 667 | 511 | 406 |
| Strawberries | 1,564 | 1,052 | 140 | 371 |
| Papayas | 1,514 | 54 | 1,424 | 36 |
| Avocados | 1,284 | 157 | 1,127 | - |
Data from FAO Production Yearbook 1978
Table 5 Reported Production and Loss Figures in Less Developed Countries
| Commodity | Production (1.000 tonnes) | Estimated Loss % |
| Roots/Tubers | ||
| Carrots | 557 | 44 |
| Potatoes | 26,909 | 5-40 |
| Sweet Potatoes | 17,630 | 35-95 |
| Tams | 20,000 | 10-60 |
| Cassava | 103,486 | 10-25 |
| Vegetables | ||
| Onions | 6,474 | 16-35 |
| Tomatoes | 12,755 | |
| Plantain | 18,301 | 35-100 |
| Cabbage | 3,036 | 37 |
| Cauliflower | 916 | 49 |
| Lettuce | 62 | |
| Fruits | ||
| Banana | 36,898 | 20-80 |
| Papaya | 931 | 40-100 |
| Avocado | 1,020 | 43 |
| Peaches, apricots nectarines | 1, 831 | 28 |
| Citrus | 22,040 | 20-95 |
| Grapes | 12,720 | 27 |
| Raisins | 475 | 20-95 |
| Apples | 3,677 | 14 |
Data from National Academy of Sciences report, 1978
Table 6 Storage Life of Potato and Onion Varieties
| Variety (months) | Normal Storage Life |
| POTATOES | |
| Necksack | 11-12 |
| Russet Burbank | 10-11 |
| Kennebec | 6-7 |
| Katahdin | 6-7 |
| Sebago (Northern USA) | 5-6 |
| Norland (late harvest) | 4-6 |
| Norchip | 4-5 |
| Superior | 4 |
| Norgold Russet | 3 |
| Norland (early harvest) | 1 |
| Sebago (Southern USA) | 1 |
| White Rose | 1 |
| ONIONS | |
| Spartan Sleeper | 7-8 |
| Downing Yellow Globe | 7 |
| Premier | 5-6 |
| Fiesta | 5 |
| Yellow Sweet Spanish | 4-5 |
| Excel | 3-4 |
| Golden Beauty | 3 |
| Italian Red | 1-2 |
| Walla Walla Sweet Spanish | 1-2 |
Table 7 Post-Harvest Pesticide Tolerances on Raw Horticultural Commodities U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 1, 1977
| Captan (180,103) |
100ppm | beet greens, cherries, lettuce, spinach |
| 50 ppm | apricots, celery, grapes, leeks, mangoes, nectarines, onions (green), peaches, plums (fresh prunes), shallots | |
| 25 ppm | apples, avocados, blackberries, blueberries (huckleberries), cantaloupe, crabapples, cranberries, cucumbers, dewberries, eggplants, garlic, honeydew melons, muskmelons, onions (dry bulb), pears, peppers, pimentos, pumpkins, quinces, raspberries, summer squash, tomatoes, watermelons, winter squash | |
| 2 ppm | beets (roots), broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, collards, cottonseed, kale, mustard greens, peas (dry and succulent), rutabagas (roots), soybeans (dry and succulent), sweet corn (kernels plus cob with husk removed), turnip greens, turnips (roots) | |
| 0.25ppm | taro (corm) | |
| Methoxychlor (180.120) |
7 ppm | sweet potatoes and yams |
| Inorganic bromides (from fumigation with methyl bromide) | ||
| (180.123) | 100 ppm | pomegranates, asparagus, ginger root |
| 75 ppm | potatoes, sweet potatoes, avocados | |
| 50 ppm | green beans, lima beans, garlic, sweet corn, cabbage | |
| 30 ppm | beets (roots), carrots, citrus, citron, salem-artichokes, kumquats, lemons, limes, okra, oranges, parsnip (roots), peppers, pimentos, relishes, rutabagas, salsify roots, cucumbers, grapefruit, horseradish, summer squash, tangerines, turnips (roots), yams | |
| 20 ppm | apricots, cantaloupe, cherries eggplant, grapes, honeydew melons, mangoes, muskmelons, nectarines, peaches, onions, papayas, pineapples, plums, fresh prunes, pumpkins, tomatoes, watermelons, winter squash, zucchini | |
| 5 ppm | apples, pears, quinces | |
| Inorganic Bromides (from fumigation with ethylene dibromide) | ||
| (180.146) | 10 ppm | beans (string), bitter melons, cantaloupe, Cavendish bananas, citrus fruits, cucumbers, guavas, litchi fruit, litchi nuts, longan fruit, mangoes, papayas, peppers (bell), pineapples, zucchini squash |
| 25 ppm | (total organic plus inorganic bromine) cherries! plums, fresh prunes | |
| Calcium Cyanide (180.125) |
5 ppm | cucumbers, lettuce, radishes, tomatoes |
| Piperonyl butoxide (180.127) |
8 ppm | almonds, apples, beans, blackberries, blueberries (huckle berries), boysenberries, cherries, cocoa beans, copra, cottonseed, crabapples, currants, dewberries, figs, gooseberries, grapes, guavas, loganberries, mangoes, muskmelons, oranges, peaches, peanuts (determined on the nut with shell removed), pears, peas, pineapples' plums (fresh prunes), raspberries, tomatoes, walnuts |
| Sodium
dehydroacetate (180.159) |
65 ppm | strawberries |
| 30 ppm | bananas, of which residue not more than 10 parts per million shall be in the pulp after peel is removed. | |
| Tetraiodoethylene (180.162) |
15 ppm | cantaloupe |
| Ethoxyquin (180. 178) |
3 ppm | apples and pears |
| CIPC (180.181) |
50 ppm | potatoes |
| Diphenylamine (180.190) |
10 ppm | apples |
| 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline (180.200) |
10 ppm | carrots, grapes, lettuce, rhubarb, sweet potatoes |
| 20 ppm | sweet cherries, apricots, peaches, nectarines | |
| 15 ppm | plums (fresh prunes), blackberries, boysenberries, celery | |
| Chlorosulfamic acid (180.201) |
8 ppm | asparagus, carrots, cauliflower, celery, potatoes, and radishes |
| 1,2, 4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene | ||
| (180.203) | 25 ppm | potatoes |
| Aluminum phosphide (180.225) | .1 ppm | almonds, cashews, dates, filberts, Brazil nuts, pistachios, peanuts, pecans, walnuts |
| 2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate | ||
| (180.235) | 1 ppm | lettuce |
| 0.5 ppm | cucumbers, mushrooms, tomatoes, radishes | |
| Thiabendazole (180.242) |
10 ppm | apples, citrus fruits, pears |
| 3 ppm | potatoes, bananas | |
| 0.4 ppm | banana pulp | |
| Boron (180.271) |
8 ppm | citrus fruits, (total, includes boron naturally occurring in the fruit). |
| Benomyl (180.294) |
35 ppm | pineapples |
| 15 ppm | apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums (including fresh prunes) | |
| 10 ppm | grapes, mushrooms | |
| 7 ppm | apples and pears | |
| 1 ppm | bananas of which not more than 0.2 ppm shall be in the pulp after the peel is removed | |
| sec-Butylamine (180.321) |
30 ppm | citrus fruits |
| Thiophanate-methyl (130.371) |
15 ppm | apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums, prunes |
| Pyrethrins (180,126) |
1 ppm | almonds, apples, beans, blackberries, blueberries (huckle berries), boysenberries, cherries, crabapples, currants, dewberries, figs, gooseberries, grapes, guavas, loganberries, mangoes, muskmelons, oranges, peaches, pears, peas, pine apples, plums (fresh prunes), raspberries, tomatoes and walnuts |
| 0.05ppm | potatoes | |
| o-Phenylphenol and its (180.129) | 125 ppm | cantaloupe, of which not more than 10 ppm shall be in the sodium salt edible portion |
| 25 ppm | apples, pears | |
| 20 ppm | carrots, peaches, plums, fresh prunes | |
| 15 ppm | sweet potatoes | |
| 10 ppm | citrus, citron, cucumbers, grapefruit, kumquats, lemons, limes, oranges, peppers (bell), pineapples, tangerines, tomatoes | |
| 5 ppm | cherries, nectarines | |
| Hydrogen cyanide. (180.130) | 50 ppm | citrus fruits - |
| 25 ppm | almonds, cashews, pecans' walnuts | |
| Biphenyl (180.141) |
110 ppm | citrus fruits (and hybrids thereof) |
| 2,4-D (180.142) |
5 ppm | citrus fruits, lemons |
| Thirem (180.132) |
7 ppm | bananas of which not more than 1 ppm shall be in the pulp after the peel is removed |
| 0.5 ppm | onions (dry bulb) | |
| Copper carbonate,
basic (180.136) |
3 ppm | pears |
| Ethylene oxide (180.151) |
50 ppm | black walnut meats, whole spices |
| Maleic
hydrazide (180.175) |
50 ppm | potatoes |
| 15 ppm | onions | |
Note: Maleic hydrazine is applied pre-harvest solely for its ability to retard post-harvest sprouting
Table 8 Chemicals or Industrial Processes Associated with Cancer Induction in Man
| Chemical or Process | Main Type of Exposure |
| Aflatoxins | environmental, occupational |
| 4-aminobiphenyl | occupational |
| Arsenic compounds | occupational, medicinal, environmental |
| Asbestos | occupational |
| Auramine manufacture | occupational |
| Benzene | occupational |
| Benzidine | occupational |
| Bis(chloromethyl) ether | occupational |
| Cadmium industries | occupational |
| Chloramphenicol | medicinal |
| Chlormethyl methyl ether | occupational |
| Chromium industries | occupational |
| Cyclophosphamide | medicinal |
| Diethylstilbestrol | medicinal |
| Haematite mining | occupational |
| Isopropyl oil | occupational |
| Melphalan | medicinal |
| Mustard gas | occupational |
| 2-Naphthylamine | occupational |
| Nickel | occupational |
| Chlornaphazine | medicinal |
| Oxymethalone | medicinal |
| Phenacetin | medicinal |
| Phenytoin | medicinal |
| Soot, tars and oils | occupational, environmental |
| Vinyl chloride | occupational |
(Data taken from U.S. National Cancer Institute report entitled "Estimates of the Fraction of Cancer in the United States Related to Occupational Factors" September 1978).
Table 9 List of Carcinogens
| Acetylamino fluorane | Diethyl sulfate |
| Alkali | 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene |
| 0-Aminoszotoluene | N,N'Dimethylbenzine |
| 2-Aminobenzidine | 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine |
| 4-Aminobiphenyl and its salts | N,N'-Dimethyinitrosoamine |
| Antimony trioxide production | Dimethyl sulfate |
| Arsenic and arsenic compounds | Dioxane |
| Asbestos | Epichlorobydrine |
| Auramine | Ethyleneimine |
| Benzpyrene | Ethyl thyocarbamide |
| Benzene | Gasoline or petrol |
| Benzidine and its salt | Hexamethylohosphorictriamide |
| Beryllium | Hydrazine |
| Bichromic acid and salts | Kepone |
| Bis(chloromethyl)ether | Magenta |
| Cadmium and cadmium oxide | 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloraniline) |
| Chloromethyl methyl ether | Methyl chloromethyl ether |
| Chlorinated biphenyl | Methylene dianiline |
| Chloroform | Methyl nitrosocarbamide |
| Chromates | Monomethyl hydrazine |
| Chromic acid and its salts | 1-Naphthylamine and its salts |
| Chromium compounds in chromate | 2-Naphthylamine and its salts |
| production | Nickel and its compounds |
| Chromite ore processing | 4-Nitrobiphenyl and its salts |
| Coal tar | Nitrosamines |
| Cobalt and its salts hydrocarbons | Particulate polycyclic aromatic |
| Crocidolite | p-Phenylendiamine |
| N'N'-Diacethylbenzene | 1,3-Propane sultone |
| 4,4-Diamino diphenylmethane | 2-Propiolactone |
| Dianisidine and its salts | Propyleneimine |
| Diazomethane | Thallium |
| 1~2-Dibromoethane | o-Tolidine and its salts |
| 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine and its | Trichloroethylene |
| salts | Vinyl chloride |
| 3,3'-Dichloro 4,4'-diamino- | Vinyl cycloexene dioxide |
| diphenylmethane | Yellow fatty dye |
A tabular compilation of values from Australia, Belgium, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom' Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United States of America. Occupational Safety and Health Series, No. 37, 1977, compiled by the International Labour Office, Geneva