VITA
RENEWABLE ENERGY DICTIONARY
DICCIONARIO DE ENERGIA RENOVABLE
DICTIONNAIRE DE L'ENERGIE RENOUVELABLE
This publication was made possible, in part,
through the generous support of
the United States Agency
for International Development
and the United Nations Education,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
VITA
1600 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 500
Arlington, Virgnia 22209 USA
Tel: 703/276-1800 * Fax: 703/243-1865
Internet: pr-info@vita.org
Copyright [C] 1982 Volunteers in Technical Assistance
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording,
or any information storage and retrieval system without
the written permission of the publisher.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Designed by Margaret Crouch.
Published by
VITA
1600 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 500
Arlington, Virgnia 22209 USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Renewable energy dictionary
Bibliography: p. 479
1. Renewable energy sources--Dictionaries. 2. Power
(Mechanics)--Dictionaries. I. Volunteers in Technical
Assistance.
TJ163.16.R48 1982 333.79 82-50309
ISBN 0-86619-161-5
PREFACE
Soon after beginning a major program in
renewable energy in 1979, VITA (Volunters
in Technical Assistance) found that many of
the technical terms commonly used in renewable
energy literature were not understood
by many of the laypeople for whom the information
was meant. VITA also realized
that it was no easy task to find definitions
for many of these terms. There were
specialized glossaries for the various areas
of renewable energy, but there was no
one source devoted to defining renewable
energy terminology. The Renewable Energy
Dictionary is designed to meet this need.
This encyclopedic dictionary is comprised
of up-to-date and authoritative definitions
of terms used in renewable energy. Definitions
are presented in the clearest and
most concise language possible without detracting
from their technical accuracy.
They are thoroughly cross-referenced for
ease of use.
The terms that were selected for this
dictionary are primarily those not commonly
defined in their renewable energy context
in conventional dictionaries. Some of the
terms are now considered to be archaic.
Mostly related to wind energy, they are included
because of their usefulness in developing
an overall understanding of the
field.
VITA's 22 years in international development
and technology transfer have brought a
sensitivity to the need in developing countries
for technical materials in languages
other than English. This dictionary is
translated into French and Spanish in an
effort to help meet this need.
In addition to 1,000 entries in each language,
many with illustrations, the dictionary
includes comprehensive conversion
tables and a bibliography.
Our research indicates that this is the
only published reference work of its kind
available. We feel it is a significant resource
for those working with renewable energy
technologies and concepts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
No work of this scope and magnitude could
be completed without the assistance and
contributions of many individuals. Along
with Dr. William Sorsby, our primary contributor,
we wish to acknowledge the invaluable
contributions made by VITA Volunteers
who gave their time freely to make this
book a reality. Our deepest thanks go out
to: Dr. Sam Baldwin, Thomas J. Beckman,
Richard A. Boettcher, Jean-Claude Bruffaerts,
Jerome E. Dobroski, George S. Erskine,
H. Speer Ezzard, Hal Finkelstein,
Dr. Peter B. Hammond, Robert W. Hawthorn,
James L. Hogan, and Dr. Norbert J. Kreidl.
We also wish to thank the following members
of VITA's technical staff for their
reviews, contributions, and constant support:
John M. Downey, Alan Wyatt, Dr. Gary
L. Garriott, Stephen H. Hirsch, Fred Hopman,
William R. Breslin, Dr. William A .
Gross, Richard J. Fera, O. Christopher
Ahrens, Balla Sidibe, and Hector Reyes, and
research assistant Vandana Malhotra.
Special thanks go to artist Christopher
P. Schmidt for the excellent illustrations.
Finally, we acknowledge the editorial and
production contributions of Kristine
Stroad Ament, Julie Badger, Margararet
Crouch, Bonnie Duley, Gregory James, and
David Jarmul, who put the whole thing
together.
TRANSLATIONS
This dictionary was translated into
French and Spanish by Berlitz International
Translation Service.
<Select this link for French> <Select this link for Spanish>
ENGLISH
INGLES
ANGLAIS
HOW TO USE THIS DICTIONARY
This dictionary is thoroughly cross-referenced for ease of
use and to provide for the most thorough understanding of
each term.
The terms are organized alphabetically in each language.
Each term is printed in bold type and capital letters. The
term is followed by a parenthetical classification reference.
Some terms have more than one reference, which helps
to clarify the ways in which they can be used. These references
are defined at the beginning of each language section.
Some words within the definition are also in capital
letters. These are words that are defined elsewhere in the
dictionary. Subsequent use of these words within the same
definition is in lower case letters.
At the end of each definition are translations of the
term itself into French and Spanish. The preferred usage
is listed first, with secondary or less common usages following.
The preferred term is the one that appears in the
other language section.
For example:
Defined
Term References elsewhere
ABSORPTANCE (sol) (meas). The ratio between the SOLAR
RADIATION absorbed by a surface and the total amount of
solar radiation that strikes it.
F - absorptance; coefficient d'absorption
S - coeficiente de absorcion
Spanish
French (preferred term first)
Second reference
This is a measurement (meas) term used in the field of
solar (sol) energy. The term "Solar Radiation" is defined
in the "S" section of the dictionary. The primary translation
of this term into French is "absorptance," though in
some French documents, the term "coefficient d'absorption"
may be found. The translation of this term into Spanish is
"coeficiente de absorcion."
DEFINITION OF ABBREVIATIONS
agri Relating to agriculture.
alc Alcohol production or alcohol fuels.
ani Relating to animal power.
arc Archaic. Terms that are outdated but are still
useful.
auto Relating to internal combustion engines or
automobiles.
bio Relating to the field of biological science or a
biological substance.
biocon Relating to bioconversion. Includes methane and
woodfuel.
chem Relating to the field of chemical science or a
chemical substance.
constr Relating to construction methods, materials, and
structures.
elec Relating to the production and use of electricity.
fos Relating to fossil fuels.
gen General terms, which may apply to various areas of
energy, particularly renewable energy technologies.
geo Geothermal power concepts and applications.
heat Relating to heating or the use of heat for space
heating and to produce other forms of energy.
hydr Relating to water and the application of water
power. Also closed hydraulic systems, which may
use fluids other than water.
impl Implement. Tools, utensils, or devices that work
in conjunction with other equipment.
meas Measuring instruments, scales, or types of
measurement.
ocean Methods or devices for extracting energy from the
ocean.
prod Relating to producer gas.
refrig Relating to refrigerants or methods of
refrigeration.
sol Relating to the field of solar energy.
wind Relating to wind power or other aspects of air
movement.
A
ABSORBENT (refrig). The less VOLATILE of the two working
FLUIDS used in an absorption cooling device.
F - absorbant
S - absorbente
ABSORBENT OIL (refrig). A type of oil used in an absorption
cooling device.
F - huile absorbante
S - aceite absorbente
ABSORBER PLATE (sol). A dark surface that absorbs SOLAR
RADIATION and converts it into heat; a component of a
FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR.
F - plaque d'absorption
S - placa de absorcion
ABSORPTANCE (sol) (meas). The ratio between the SOLAR
RADIATION absorbed by a surface and the total amount of
solar radiation that strikes it.
F - taux d'absorptivite
S - coeficiente de absorcion
ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONER (sol). An air conditioner
designed to use a SOLAR HEATED liquid. Such a system
provides space cooling through use of ABSORBER PLATES,
VOLATILE FLUIDS, HEAT EXCHANGERS, and CONDENSERS.
F - climatiseur a absorption
S - aire acondicionado por absorcion
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION (refrig). A cooling system that
uses heated liquid to activate the chilling process.
F - refrigeration par absorption
S - refrigeracion por absorcion
AC (elec). Abbreviation for ALTERNATING CURRENT.
F - CA
S - C.A.
ACCELERATOR (impl). A mechanism that controls the speed of
a vehicle or other device.
F - accelerateur
S - acelerador
ACCUMULATION (gen) (elec). The action of collecting or
gathering. In electricity, the charging of a BATTERY or
the storage of electric POWER.
F - accumulation
S - acumulacion
ACCUMULATOR (gen). A CELL, SOLAR POND, THERMAL MASS, or
other device to store ENERGY.
F - accumulateur
S - acumulador
AC-DC
AC-DC (elec). Pertaining to a device that will operate on
either ALTERNATING CURRENT or DIRECT CURRENT.
F - CA-CC
S - CA-CC
ACETATE (chem) (sol). A compound composed of the SALTS of
ACETIC ACID or the acetylation products of acetic acid,
such as CELLULOSE acetate. Certain acetates can be used
as GLAZING on SOLAR COLLECTORS.
F - acetate
S - acetato
ACETIC ACID (chem). An important raw material in the
chemical industry. It is a by-product of the DESTRUCTIVE
DISTILLATION of wood. It can also be obtained by oxidizing
ALCOHOL. The chemical make-up of acetic acid is
[CH.sub.3]COOH.
F - acide acetique
S - acido acetico
ACID (bio) (biocon). A compound that dissociates or separates
in a water solution to provide hydrogen ions. Acid
forms a SALT when mixed with ALKALI, and is important in
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION and FERMENTATION.
F - acide
S - acido
ACID DIGESTION (biocon). The "first phase" of BIOGAS production,
in which complex molecules are broken down into
smaller ones.
F - digestion acide
S - digestion de acido
ACID HYDROLYSIS (chem) (alc). A chemical process that uses
ACID to convert STARCH to sugar. This is the "first
phase" in ETHANOL production.
F - hydrolysation acide
S - hidrolisis de acido
ACROMETER (gen) (meas). An instrument used to measure the
density of gases.
F - acrometre
S - acrometro
ACTINOMETER (sol) (meas). An instrument used to measure
DIRECT RADIATION from the sun.
F - actinometre
S - actinometro
ACTIVE DRIED YEAST (alc). YEAST that has been dried, but
in which the yeast cells still can be activated.
F - levure seche active
S - levadura activa secada
ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING (sol). Warming an interior space with
heat collected mechanically through SOLAR COLLECTORS.
The collection and distribution of this warm air requires
additional external ENERGY to operate pumps,
motors, valves, etc.
F - chauffage solaire actif
S - calefaccion solar activa
AIR BRAKES
ADAPTED SEED (biocon). INOCULUM used during the START-UP
of a BIOGAS DIGESTER that has been obtained from another
digester with similar FEEDSTOCK composition and operating
under similar conditions.
F - germe adapte
S - semilla adaptada
ADOBE (constr) (sol). Sun-dried brick of clay and straw.
Also the clay and soil used for making such bricks.
Adobe is high in THERMAL MASS and is useful in low-cost
building construction.
F - adobe
S - adobe
ADSORPTION (chem). The process through which carbonaceous
materials are able to compress and hold on their surfaces
large quantities of gas. Also, the physical adhesion
of molecules to the surfaces of solids without
causing a chemical reaction.
F - adsorption
S - adsorcion
AEOLIAN (wind). (See: EOLIAN)
F - eolien, - ienne
S - eolico
AEROBIC (bio). Pertaining to micro-organisms that require
FREE OXYGEN to live.
F - aerobie
S - aerobio
AEROBIC BACTERIA (bio) (biocon). BACTERIA living on FREE
OXYGEN that is derived from the air. Aerobic bacteria
break down ORGANIC MATTER during COMPOSTING.
F - bacteries aerobies
S - bacteria aerobia
AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION (biocon). (See: AEROBIC BACTERIA)
F - decomposition aerobie
S - descomposicion aerobia
AFFORESTATION (gen). Forest crops established by purposeful
planting on land previously not used for tree crops.
F - boisement
S - conversion en bosque
AFTERBURNER (gen). An air pollution abatement device that
removes undesirable organic gases through incineration.
F - postcombustion
S - quemador auxiliar
AIR BRAKES (wind) (arc). Longitudinal SHUTTERS that are
sometimes incorporated in PATENT SAILS to reduce the
speed of SAIL rotation in strong winds.
F - freins d'ailes
S - frenos de aire
AIR DIFFUSER
AIR DIFFUSER (gen). A device that delivers air into a room
to mix with the room air.
F - diffuseur d'air
S - difusor de aire
AIRFOIL (wind). A curved surface designed to create aerodynamic
LIFT forces when air flows around it.
F - voilure d'aile
S - plano aerodinamico
<FIGURE>
10p06.gif (207x600)
AIR-GAS RATIO (chem). The ratio of the air volume to the
gas volume. It can be adjusted to change the character
of combustion.
F - rapport air-gaz
S - relacion de aire-gas
AIR HEATING SYSTEM (sol). A SOLAR HEATING system, which
heats air in a SOLAR COLLECTOR and uses the heated air
as the HEAT-TRANSFER MEDIUM to the rest of the system.
F - chauffage d'air, systeme de
S - sistema de calefaccion del aire
AIR-TYPE COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR designed to
use air as its HEAT-TRANSFER MEDIUM.
F - capteur a air
S - colector solar tipo aire
AIR VELOCITY (wind). (See: WIND VELOCITY)
F - vitesse d'ecoulement de l'air
S - velocidad del aire
ALBEDO (sol) (meas). The ratio of the amount of light
reflected by a surface to the light falling onto it.
F - albedo
S - albedo
ALCOHOL (chem). A class of compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, which occurs widely in nature and
is used in solvents, antifreezes, chemical manufacture,
and as a fuel. Alcohol commonly is obtained by FERMENTATION.
(See also: BUTYL ALCOHOL, ETHYL ALCOHOL, and
METHYL ALCOHOL)
F - alcool
S - alcohol
ALKALINE BATTERY
ALCOHOL CONDENSER (alc). (See: CONDENSER)
F - condenseur d'alcool
S - condensador de alcohol
ALCOHOL STILL (alc). (See: STILL)
F - alambic de distillation
S - alambique de alcohol
<FIGURE>
10p07.gif (486x486)
ALCOHOL VAPOR (alc). ALCOHOL in its gaseous state.
F - vapeur d'alcool
S - vapor de alcohol
ALGAE (bio) (biocon) (gen). Fresh and saltwater aquatic
plants, usually microscopic in size, but including seaweed.
They are valuable in waste treatment, as a protein
source for humans, as animal feed, and as a FEEDSTOCK
for BIOGAS DIGESTERS.
F - algues
S - algas
ALKALI (chem) (biocon). Any of various BASES, which neutralize
ACIDS to form SALTS. Bases are important in
maintaining the chemical balance in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - alcali
S - alcali
ALKALINE BATTERY (elec). A BATTERY that uses sodium or
potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte, and nickel-oxide
flakes and powdered iron or nickel-cadmium for its
active plates.
F - accumulateur alcalin
S - pila alcalina
ALKANE
ALKANE (chem). A general name for hydrocarbons of the
METHANE series.
F - paraffine
S - alcano
ALTERNATING CURRENT (elec). An electric current that periodically
reverses its direction. Generally abbreviated
as ac.
F - courant alternatif
S - courriente continua
ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINES (auto). Alternatives to the
spark ignition and the diesel combustion engines. Among
the more developed designs are the GAS TURBINE and STIRLING
ENGINES.
F - substituts aux moteurs a combustion
S - motores de combustion alterna
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES (gen). Sources of ENERGY
different from those generally employed by a user. The
term usually refers to RENEWABLE ENERGY sources such as
SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL POWER, HYDROPOWER,
etc. The use of alternative energy sources is attractive
because of the [1] high price and limited availability
of petroleum-based fuels; [2] the pollution that is
associated with the burning of FOSSIL FUELS; and [3] the
expense and dangers of nuclear power.
F - sources d'energie de substitution
S - fuentes alternas de energia
ALTERNATOR (elec). A GENERATOR that changes mechanical
ENERGY into electrical energy (ALTERNATING CURRENT) by
the rotation of its ROTOR. Alternators are used in motor
vehicles to recharge and minimize the drain on the
BATTERY. They are also commonly adapted to be driven by
WINDMILLS or by STEAM TURBINES and WATER TURBINES.
F - alternateur
S - alternador
ALUMINIZED MYLAR (constr) (sol). A very strong, thin sheet
of plastic material coated with aluminum. Used as a
reflective surface for SOLAR COOKERS.
F - Mylar aluminise
S - Milar aluminizado
AMBIENT (gen). Referring to undisturbed environmental
surroundings, particularly to air and temperature.
F - ambiant
S - ambiente
ANAEROBES (bio). (See: ANAEROBIC BACTERIA)
F - anaerobies
S - anaerobes
ANAEROBIC (bio). Pertaining to micro-organisms that can
live in an airless environment.
F - anaerobie
S - anaerobio
ANCHOR
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA (bio) (biocon). BACTERIA, known as
ANAEROBES, that can live in an airless environment by
obtaining oxygen through the DECOMPOSITION of compounds.
F - bacteries anaerobies
S - bacteria anaerobia
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - digesteur anaerobie
S - digestor anaerobio
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (bio) (biocon). The DECOMPOSITION of
ORGANIC MATTER by ANAEROBIC BACTERIA. This process
involves ACID-forming BACTERIA and METHANE-forming
bacteria.
F - digestion anaerobie
S - digestion anaerobia
ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION (bio) (biocon). (See: ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION)
F - fermentation anaerobie
S - fermentacion anaerobia
ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS (bio) (biocon). (See: ANAEROBIC
BACTERIA)
F - organismes anaerobies
S - organismos anaerobios
ANCHOR (wind) (impl). A rod or stake driven into the
ground, to which GUY WIRES for a WINDMILL TOWER are
attached.
F - ancrage
S - ancla
<FIGURE>
10p09.gif (317x317)
ANDIRON
ANDIRON (impl). Raised metal bars placed on a fireplace
hearth to support firewood for burning. Andirons allow
air to pass under the burning wood for more EFFICIENT
combustion.
F - chenets
S - morillo
ANEMOMETER (wind) (meas). An instrument for measuring WIND
SPEED.
F - anenometre
S - anemometro
ANGLE OF ATTACK (wind). The angle between the CHORD of an
AIRFOIL and the wind. It is considered in WINDMILL ROTOR
design.
F - angle d'attaque
S - angulo de ataque
<FIGURE>
10p10.gif (150x437)
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (sol). (See: INCIDENT ANGLE)
F - angle incident
S - angulo de incidencia
ANGLE OF REFLECTION (sol). (See: INCIDENT ANGLE)
F - angle de reflexion
S - angulo de reflexion
ANHYDROUS (alc) (biocon). Free from moisture. The term
applies to oxides, SALTS, and other substances that do
not contain water.
F - anhydre
S - anhidro
ANHYDROUS ALCOHOL (alc). ALCOHOL that is almost completely
free from water. Alcohol must be ANHYDROUS to be mixed
with gasoline to form GASAHOL. Alcohol and water cannot
be separated beyond 199.99 PROOF. At that CONCENTRATION,
they form an AZEOTROPE and vaporize at the same
temperature.
F - alcool anhydre
S - alcohol etilico anhidro
ANIMAL-DRAWN (ani). (See: ANIMAL-POWERED)
F - animal de trait
S - traccion animal
ASH BOX
ANIMAL-POWERED (ani). Driven or impelled by animals.
F - traction animale
S - impulsado por animales
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION (biocon). The process of directly
burning or obtaining ENERGY PRODUCTS from animal wastes.
F - conversion des dechets animaux
S - conversion de los desechos animales
ANNUAL LOAD FRACTION (sol) (meas). That portion of annual
heating that is supplied to a building by SOLAR ENERGY.
F - part de la charge annuelle
S - fraccion de la carga anual
ANNULAR SAIL (wind) (arc). A ring-like SAIL with radial
SHUTTERS.
F - aile annulaire
S - aspa circular
ANTICLOCK SAIL (wind) (arc). A SAIL ROTOR that runs
counterclockwise when observed from the front of the
WINDMILL.
F - aile a rotation positive
S - aspa sinistrorsa
AQUATIC BIOMASS (biocon). BIOMASS grown in fresh or saltwater,
including ALGAE, seaweed, etc.
F - biomasse aquatique
S - biomasa acuatica
AQUEDUCT (hydr). A CHANNEL or trough built to convey water
For irrigation, to operate a HYDROPOWER plant, or for
household use. The water in aqueducts generally flows by
means of gravity, although pumps may also be used.
F - aqueduc
S - acueducto
AQUIFER (hydr). Any geological formation containing water,
especially one that supplies the water for wells,
springs, etc.
F - aquifere
S - acuifera
ARTICULATED WINDMILL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL constructed
to provide maximum EFFICIENCY in winds of various speeds
and from different directions.
F - eolienne articulee
S - molino de viento articulado
ASH BOX (heat). A removable box below the GRATE in a WOOD
STOVE or a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR that collects ash
residue from combustion.
F - cendrier
S - caja de cenizas
ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (elec) (wind). An electrical GENERATOR
that produces ALTERNATING CURRENT, matching an
existing POWER source so the two sources can be combined
to power one LOAD. These generators are often used with
WINDMILLS to provide power to buildings that already
receive power from an electric utility.
F - generateur asynchrone
S - generador asincronico
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (gen). The pressure exerted by the
Earth's atmosphere at any given point, generally measured
on a scale based on the pressure of air at sea
level.
F - pression atmospherique
S - presion atmosferica
ATRIUM (sol). An unroofed, partially roofed, or fully
roofed courtyard or room in a dwelling, which allows
sunlight to reach adjoining rooms. It is often used for
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING.
F - atrium
S - atrio
ATTENUATION (alc). The fall in SPECIFIC GRAVITY of the
WORT during FERMENTATION. This is caused by the weakening
of BACTERIA or FUNGI in a CULTURE.
F - attenuation
S - atenuacion
AUGER (impl) (alc). A rotating, screw-type device that
moves material through a tube. In ALCOHOL production, it
is used to transfer grains from storage to the grinding
site, and from the grinding site to the COOKER.
F - vrille d'alimentation
S - barrena
AUTOMATIC DAMPER (impl). A device that automatically maintains
the FLOW of hot or cold air into a room.
F - registre automatique
S - regulador de tiro automatico
AUTOMATIC TRACKING (sol). The use of a device that allows
SOLAR COLLECTORS to "track" or follow the sun during the
day without manual adjustment.
F - poursuite automatique
S - aparato de seguimiento automatico
AUXILIARY GENERATOR (gen) (elec). A small, engine-driven
GENERATOR that supplements a RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER
source.
F - generateur auxiliaire
S - generador auxiliar
AVAILABLE ENERGY (gen) (meas). That part of the total
ENERGY produced by a system that can be applied usefully.
EFFICIENCY is a measure oF available energy.
F - energie disponible
S - energia disponible
AZEOTROPE
AVERAGE WIND SPEED (wind) (meas). The most common WIND
VELOCITY over a specified period of time.
F - vitesse moyenne du vent
S - velocidad promedio del viento
AXIS (gen). An imaginary line passing through the center
of a body, about which the body rotates. (Plural: axes)
F - axe de rotation
S - axis
AXLE (gen). A supporting member that carries a wheel. It
either rotates with the wheel to transmit mechanical
POWER, or allows the wheel to rotate freely on it.
F - essieu
S - eje
AZEOTROPE (chem) (alc). The chemical term for two liquids
that, at a certain CONCENTRATION, boil at the same
temperature. For example, ETHANOL and water cannot be
separated further than 199.9 PROOF because at this concentration
they form an azeotrope and vaporize together.
F - azeotrope
S - azeotrope
B
BABO'S LAW (biocon). A law stating that the VAPOR PRESSURE
of a liquid is lowered when a non-VOLATILE substance is
dissolved in it. The pressure is lowered by an amount
proportional to the CONCENTRATION of the solution.
F - loi de von Babo
S - ley de Babo
BACKPUFFING (gen). The emission of smoke through cooking
holes or other openings in a wood-burning or CHARCOAL
stove. It occurs when poor DRAFT in the CHIMNEY causes
air to pass back down into the stove.
F - retour de fumee
S - contracorriente de humo
BACK STAYS (wind) (arc). Support bars across the back of
the SAILS of a WINDMILL.
F - galhaubans
S - soporte posterior
BACK WATERING (hydr). The braking effect caused by the
immersion in water of the lowest BLADES of an OVERSHOT
WATER WHEEL.
F - frein d'immersion
S - remanso
BACTERIA (bio). Any of numerous single-celled micro-organisms
occurring in a wide variety of forms, existing
either as free-living organisms or as parasites, having
a wide range of biochemical properties. Bacteria are
necessary for DIGESTION and FERMENTATION. (Singular:
bacterium)
F - bacteries
S - bacteria
BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION (biocon). The chemical breakdown
of ORGANIC MATTER by micro-organisms.
F - decomposition bacterienne
S - descomposicion bacteriana
BAFFLE (gen). A metal plate or other artificial obstruction
used to check or deflect the FLOW of FLUIDS.
F - deflecteur
S - desviador
BAGASSE (biocon). The fibrous residue remaining after the
extraction of the juice from sugar cane. It may be used
as a fuel.
F - bagasse
S - bagazo
BANCO (biocon). (See: LORENA STOVE)
F - banco
S - banco
BASES
BANKI TURBINE (hydr). A WATER TURBINE with curved BLADES,
GUIDE VANES, and a hallow interior. Water passing
through it propels the RUNNER both on entering and leaving.
This turbine operates well under a wide HEAD range
and FLOW rates.
F - turbine de Banki
S - turbina de Banki
<FIGURE>
10p15.gif (486x486)
BAROMETER (meas). A device used to measure ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE.
F - barometre
S - barometro
BASES (alc) (chem). Compounds that dissociate in water
solution to form HYDROXYL ions. Bases react with ACIDS
to form SALTS, and can be used to maintain the proper pH
(POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) balance in an ALCOHOL STILL.
F - bases
S - bases
BATCH DIGESTION
BATCH DIGESTION (biocon). A process of BIOGAS production
in which the material to be digested is loaded into the
DIGESTER at the start of the process. A SEED may also be
added at this time. The digester is then sealed and the
contents left to FERMENT. At completion, the digested
SLUDGE is removed and the tank reloaded. Daily gas production
varies during the process. It is slow at the
start, increases, and finally declines toward the end of
the DIGESTION cycle.
F - digestion a charge initiale
S - digestion por tandas
BATCH DISTILLATION (alc). A batch DISTILLATION process
of ALCOHOL production in which the material to be distilled
is loaded into a STILL at the start of the process.
The entire volume is heated and left to distill.
At completion, the distilled MASH is removed and the
still reloaded. Daily alcohol production varies during
the process. It is slow at the start, increases, and
finally declines toward the end of the distillation
cycle.
F - distillation a charge initiale
S - destilacion intermitente
BATCH FEED (gen). A DIGESTER or STILL in which ORGANIC
MATTER is loaded, allowed to generate gas or FERMENT,
and then removed. The digester or still then is cleaned
and prepared for a fresh load of BIOMASS.
F - alimentation initiale unique
S - alimentacion por tandas
BATCH-LOADING DIGESTER (biocon). (See: BATCH FEED)
F - digesteur a chargement unique
S - digestor de carga intermitente
BATCH PROCESSING (biocon). (See: BATCH FEED)
F - traitement de charges uniques
S - elaboracion por tandas
BATTERY (elec). A group of two or more CELLS or ACCUMULATORS
electrically connected in series or parallel.
Batteries are used to store electrical ENERGY.
F - batterie
S - bateria
BATTERY CUT-OUT (wind) (impl). An automatic switch that
disconnects a BATTERY during its charge if the voltage
of the wind charger falls below or rises above that of
the battery, within certain limits. A battery cut-out is
a battery protection device.
F - coupe-circuit de batterie
S - interruptor de bateria
BEARING (gen). A machine part that supports and guides a
shaft, pivot, or wheel that slides, rotates, or oscillates
in or on it.
F - palier
S - cojinete
<FIGURE>
10p17.gif (256x256)
BERM
BEARING ANGLE (sol). (See: SOLAR AZIMUTH)
F - azimut
S - marcacion
BEAUFORT SCALE (meas) (wind). A scale of WIND VELOCITIES
ranging from 0 to 12 as follows:
WIND VELOCITY
Code Number (mph) Description
0 less than 1 calm
1 1-3 light air
2 4-7 light breeze
3 8-12 gentle breeze
4 13-18 moderate breeze
5 19-24 fresh breeze
6 25-31 strong breeze
7 32-38 moderate gale; near gale
8 39-46 gale
9 47-54 strong gale
10 55-63 whole gale (or storm)
11 64-74 violent storm
12 over 74 hurricane
F - Beaufort, echelle de
S - escala de Beaufort
BEER COLUMN (alc). (See: STRIPPING COLUMN)
F - colonne a biere
S - columna de cerveza
BERM (constr). A manmade mound or small hill of earth
built up against a house to stop the INFILTRATION of hot
or cold air.
F - banquette
S - monticulo
BEVEL GEAR
BEVEL GEAR (gen). One of a pair of gears used to connect
two shafts whose AXES intersect.
F - engrenage conique
S - engranaje biselado
BICYCLE ADAPTER (gen) (impl). A device that can be
attached to a bicycle to supply POWER to pump water,
generate electricity, etc.
F - adaptateur de bicyclette
S - adaptador de bicicleta
BICYCLE GENERATOR (elec). A small GENERATOR that produces
DIRECT CURRENT (dc) electricity through PEDAL POWER.
F - generateur a pedalier
S - generador accionado por bicicleta
BIOCONVERSION (chem) (gen). The conversion of ORGANIC
WASTE into ENERGY PRODUCTS through the action of micro-organisms.
Chemically, this is the reduction of complex
organic compounds into simpler, more stable forms.
F - bioconversion
S - bioconversion
BIOGAS (biocon). The gaseous mixture produced during
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, composed chiefly of METHANE and
carbon dioxide.
F - bio-gaz
S - biogas
BIOGAS DIGESTER (biocon). An airtight vessel in which
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION takes place and from which METHANE
may be drawn off.
F - digesteur de bio-gaz
S - digestor de biogas
<FIGURE>
10p18.gif (540x540)
BITUMEN
BIOGAS GENERATOR (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - generateur de bio-gaz
S - generador de biogas
BIOGAS PLANT (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - reacteur de bio-gaz
S - planta de biogas
BIOLOGICAL ENERGY CONVERSION (biocon). The use of BIOMASS
to convert one form of ENERGY into another.
F - conversion biologique de l'energie
S - conversion biologica de energia
BIOMASS (bio). Plants and plant materials, trees, crop
residues, wood and bark residues, and animal manures.
Any ORGANIC MATTER that can be used in BIOCONVERSION
processes.
F - biomasse
S - biomasa
BIOMASS ENERGY (biocon). The ENERGY that is released from
BIOMASS when it is eaten, burned, or otherwise used as
or converted into fuel.
F - energie de la biomasse
S - energia de biomasa
BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK (biocon). The ORGANIC MATTER used to
produce ENERGY PRODUCTS through BIOCONVERSION.
F - biomasse d'alimentation
S - alimento seco de la biomasa
BIOMASS FUELS (biocon). Fuels, such as METHANE, produced
from BIOMASS.
F - combustibles de la biomasse
S - combustibles de biomasa
BIOMASS YIELD (biocon) (meas). The amount of BIOMASS that
can be produced in a given areA. It usually is expressed
in weight units per area measurement per unit of time.
F - production de biomasse
S - produccion de biomasa
BIOMONITORING (biocon (meas). A pollution-control method
in which living organisms are used to test the EFFLUENT
from a DIGESTER to determine whether it is safe to
discharge the effluent into a body of water. It may also
be used to test the quality of waters downstream from a
digester discharge point.
F - controle biologique
S - biocontrol
BITUMEN (fos). Any naturally-occurring hydrocarbon, especially
solid hydrocarbons such as asphalt, wax, pitch,
and Gilsonite.
F - bitume
S - bitumen
BLACKBODY
BLACKBODY (sol). A surface that completely absorbs all
SOLAR RADIATION that strikes it.
F - corps noir
S - cuerpo negro
BLADE (hydr) (impl) (wind). [1] The curved surface of
certain types of WATER TURBINES (i.e., CROSS-FLOW
TURBINES). Water striking the blades causes the turbine
to rotate. Some turbines, such as the PELTON WHEEL, have
cups instead of blades. [2] A single, extended surface
of a WINDMILL ROTOR.
F - [1] aube; [2] pale
S - [1] paleta; [2] aspa
BLADE ANGLE [1] (wind). The angle of a CHORD of a WINDMILL
BLADE with the ROTOR plane of rotation. [2] (hydr). The
INCIDENT ANGLE of a TURBINE BLADE.
F - [1] angle de pale; [2] angle d'aube
S - [1] angulo del aspa; [2] angulo de la paleta
BORE HOLE (gen). A deep, vertical hole in the earth. Usually
used to describe a well.
F - trou de sondage
S - pozo de sondeo
BRACE SOLAR STEAM COOKER (sol). (See: INSULATED STEAM
COOKER)
F - rechaud a vapeur solaire Brace
S - portahornillo de vapor solar Brace
<FIGURE>
10p20.gif (540x540)
BREAST WHEEL
BRAKE (gen). A device used to slow or stop motion, especially
by contact friction.
F - frein
S - freno
BRAZING (gen). A process by which two pieces of metal are
joined using a nonferrous alloy with a lower melting
point than either of the two metals being joined.
F - brasage
S - soldadura con laton
BREAST BEAM (wind) (arc). The main lateral beam below the
WIND SHAFT.
F - poutrelle maitresse
S - viga de costado
BREAST WHEEL (hydr). A sophisticated type of WATER WHEEL
into which water enters below the top of the wheel and
is kept in the BUCKETS until being discharged at or near
the lowest point on the wheel. Breast wheels generally
operate best with HEADS amounting to less than the
diameter of the wheel. High breast wheels (where the
water enters above the center shaft) can approach 65
percent ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY. (Syn: breast-shot
wheel)
F - roue de poitrine
S - rueda de costado
<FIGURE>
10p21.gif (486x486)
BREEZE
BREEZE (wind). In general, any light to moderate wind.
(See also: BEAUFORT SCALE)
F - brise
S - brisa
BREWER'S DRIED GRAIN (alc). (See: DISTILLER'S GRAIN).
F - grains secs de brasserie
S - grano seco de destilacion
BREWING MASH (alc). Crushed or ground FEEDSTOCK mixed with
warm water in preparation for FERMENTATION during the
production of ETHANOL.
F - mout de brassage
S - mosto
BRINE (refrig). A heavy SALT solution used in REFRIGERATION.
F - saumure
S - salmuera
BRIQUETTE (fos). A type of fuel that has been finely
ground and compressed in pressure molds. It is usually
made from low-grade coal, coke, CHARCOAL, or BIOMASS,
and is mixed with a binder such as STARCH, tar, cement,
pitch, or asphalt.
F - briquette
S - briqueta
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (heat) (meas). The amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of one pound of water
one degree FAHRENHEIT under stated conditions of temperature
and pressure. It is a standard unit for measuring
quantity of HEAT ENERGY. Generally abbreviated as BTU.
F - British thermal unit
S - unidad termica britanica
BUBBLE CAP (alc). A perforated cap on the plates of a
DISTILLATION COLUMN, used to ensure that the vapor and
condensed liquid mix thoroughly.
F - cloche de barbotage
S - casquete de burbujeo
BUBBLE CHAMBER (biocon). A safety device attached to a
BIOGAS DIGESTER to ensure that the gas is free of air,
since an air and gas mixture would be explosive. The gas
is "bubbled" through a container of water before being
used or stored. If LIMEWATER is used instead of water,
the bubble chamber can also be used to SCRUB the gas. In
addition, the bubble chamber serves as a SPARK ARRESTER.
F - chambre a bulles
S - camara de burbujas
BUCKET (hydr). Cup-shaped containers or BLADES attached to
a WATER WHEEL.
F - auget
S - cangilon
BUTYL ALCOHOL
<FIGURE>
10p23.gif (486x486)
BUCKET ANGLE (hydr). The INCIDENT ANGLE of BUCKETS on a
WATER WHEEL.
F - angle d'auget
S - angulo de los cangilones
BUCKET CHAIN (hydr). A chain loop with BUCKETS attached to
it at regular intervals. The chain runs over sprocket
wheels. As each bucket passes by a water source, water
fills the bucket, providing POWER and propelling the
chain further along.
F - noria a godets
S - transportador de cangilones
BUFFER CAPACITY (biocon) (chem). The capacity of a solution
to resist pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) changes when
small amounts of ACID or ALKALI are added. In the case
of DIGESTED SLUDGE, the ammonium and bicarbonate ions
are mainly responsible for buffering.
F - pouvoir tampon
S - capacidad amortiguadora
BUTANOL (alc). (See: BUTYL ALCOHOL).
F - butanol
S - butanol
BUTYL ALCOHOL (alc) (chem). An ALCOHOL obtained by the
FERMENTATION of sugar or cornstarch. The chemical equivalent
of butyl alcohol is [C.sub.4][H.sub.9]OH. (Syn: butanol)
F - alcool butylique
S - alcohol butilico
C
C (meas). Abbreviation for CELSIUS.
F - C
S - C
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (biocon) (chem). A solution that is
often used in BUBBLE CHAMBERS to SCRUB BIOGAS. It is
commonly known as LIMEWATER.
F - hydrate de calcium
S - hidroxido de calcio
CALORIE (gen). The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of water one degree CELSIUS at
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
F - calorie [1]
S - caloria
CAM (gen). An eccentric projection on a revolving shaft,
shaped to produce variable or reciprocating motion in
another contacted or engaged part.
F - came
S - leva
CANAL (gen) (hydr). An artificial watercourse uniting
rivers, lakes, or seas for purposes of inland navigation,
irrigation, or conveyance of water to a HYDROPOWER
device.
F - canal
S - canal
CANISTER (wind) (arc). A piece of metal placed at the
outer end of a ROTOR SPAR to hold the SAIL in place.
F - douille
S - chapa de fijacion
CAP (wind) (arc). The revolving top of a TOWER MILL or
SMOCK MILL.
F - calotte
S - cumbrera
CAPACITY FACTOR (elec) (meas). The total KILOWATT HOURS
of ENERGY consumed divided by the total KILOWATTS
produced by an electricity-generating plant. Generally
calculated on an annual basis.
F - facteur de capacite
S - factor de capacidad
CAPACITY OF THE WIND (wind) (meas). The total amount of
dirt and dust particles of a given kind that can be
sustained per unit volume of air by a wind of a given
velocity.
F - capacite du vent
S - capacidad del viento
CELLULASE
CARBOHYDRATE (alc) (chem). Sugars, STARCHES, CELLULOSE,
and other similar compounds containing carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen only. Carbohydrates are excellent FEEDSTOCK
for an ALCOHOL STILL.
F - hydrates de carbone
S - carbohidrato
CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATIO (biocon). The proportion of carbon
to nitrogen in the material being placed in a BIOGAS
DIGESTER. This ratio is important for maintaining biogas
production. 25:1 is the optimal C/N ratio.
Nitrogen Carbon-Nitrogen
Material Content Ratio
Cow dung 1.7% 25 to 1
Poultry manure 6.3% No carbon
Grass 4.0% 12 to 1
Sheep manure 3.75% No carbon
Urine 15-18% 8 to 1
Wheat straw 0.3% 128 to 1
Potato tops 1.5% 25 to 1
Tomato 3.3% 128 to 1
F - rapport carbone-azote
S - proporcion de carbon a nitrogeno
CARBURETOR (auto). A device for mixing and controlling the
amount of air and fuel supplied to a gasoline engine.
F - carburateur
S - carburador
CASING (sol). The framework housing the components of a
FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR. It is generally made of metal and
lined with material for THERMAL insulation. Inlet and
outlet openings are provided.
F - enveloppe
S - envoltura
CATCHMENT APRON (hydr). A projecting slope on the downstream
side of a SLUICE or dam, which is provided to
withstand the force of falling water.
F - pente de captage
S - plataforma colectora
CELL (elec). A device that generates electricity, traditionally
consisting of two plates or conducting surfaces
placed in an electrolytic FLUID.
F - element
S - celula
CELLULASE (bio) (alc). Any of several ENZYMES found in
FUNGI, BACTERIA, and lower animals that cause CELLULOSE
to break down in water. These enzymes are needed for
ALCOHOL DISTILLATION.
F - cellulase
S - celulase
CELLULOSE
CELLULOSE (chem) (alc). The main POLYSACCHARIDE in living
plants. Cellulose forms the skeletal structure of plant
cell walls and can be HYDROLYZED to form GLUCOSE.
F - cellulose
S - celulosa
CELLULOSIC BIOMASS (biocon). BIOMASS that contains vegetable
matter.
F - biomasse cellulosique
S - biomasa celulosica
CELSIUS (meas). The international temperature scale in
which water freezes at 0 [degrees] and boils at 100 [degrees]. To convert
from degrees Celsius to degrees FAHRENHEIT, multiply the
temperature in degrees Celsius by 9/5 (or 1.8) and add
32. To convert from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees
Celsius, subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature
and then multiply by 5/9. Abbreviated as C. (Syn:
centigrade)
F - Celsius
S - Celsio
CENTIGRADE (meas). (See: CELSIUS).
F - centigrade
S - centigrado
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE (gen). The inertial force repelling a
body away from the center of the curvature of a curved
path along which it is moving, or away from the AXIS
around which it rotates. The opposite of CENTRIPETAL
FORCE.
F - force centrifuge
S - centrifuga, fuerza
CENTRIPETAL FORCE (gen). A force attracting a body toward
the center of the curvature of a curved path along which
it is moving, or toward the AXIS around which it
rotates. The apposite of CENTRIFUGAL FORCE.
F - force centripete
S - centripeta , fuerza
CHALK ADOBE (constr). A method of making ADOBE bricks in
which chalk is added to the clay, straw, and water.
Chalk adobe is useful as a THERMAL MASS.
F - adobe a la chaux
S - mezcla de adobe y creta
CHANNEL (hydr). The bed of a stream or waterway. (See
also: CANAL)
F - chenal [1]
S - cauce
CHARCOAL (fos) (gen). A dark-colored or black porous form
of CARBON made from vegetable or animal substances.
Charcoal commonly is made by charring wood in a KILN or
RETORT from which air is partially excluded. It is used
for FUEL, and in various mechanical, artistic, and
chemical processes. By using DISTILLATION and retorts to
produce charcoal, several valuable products can be collected
that would otherwise be lost, including COMBUSTIBLE
GASES, CREOSOTE OIL, METHANOL, soluble tar, and
combustible pitch.
F - charbon de bois
S - carbon
CHIMNEY CAP
CHARCOAL GAS (prod). (See: PRODUCER GAS)
F - gaz de charbon de bois
S - gas de carbon
CHIMNEY (constr). A vertical passage or FLUE through
which smoke and gases escape from a stove or fireplace.
F - cheminee
S - chimenea
CHIMNEY CAP (constr). A cone, usually made of sheet metal,
placed pointed end up slightly above the top of a CHIMNEY.
It prevents rain and debris from falling into the
chimney.
F - mitre
S - sombrerete de chimenea
<FIGURE>
10p27.gif (486x486)
CHINESE-TYPE DIGESTER
CHINESE-TYPE DIGESTER (biocon). A BIOGAS DIGESTER that is
primarily designed to produce fertilizer. Usually a
FIXED-DOME DIGESTER.
F - digesteur type chinois
S - digestor de tipo chino
<FIGURE>
10p28.gif (486x486)
CHORD (wind). The distance from the LEADING EDGE to the
TRAILING EDGE of an AIRFOIL. The term refers to WINDMILL
BLADE design.
F - profondeur de l'aile
S - profundidad del aspa
CHULA (biocon). A small, wood-burning stove, usually made
of mud, clay, brick, or metal. The term is widely used
in South Asia.
F - chula
S - chula
CIRCULAR FOCUSING COLLECTOR (sol). (See: COMPOUND PARABOLIC
COLLECTOR)
F - capteur circulaire a concentration
S - colector circular de enfoque
CISTERN (hydr). An artificial reservoir or watertight tank
for storing water or other liquids.
F - citerne
S - cisterna
CLAMPS (wind) (arc). Wooden splints bolted to the sides of
the STOCKS, locking the SAIL assembly in the POLL END.
F - eclisses
S - prensas
COLLECTOR
CLEARNESS INDEX (sol) (meas). A SOLAR ENERGY concept
introduced to express the ratio of a particular hour,
day, or month's SOLAR RADIATION on a horizontal surface
to the EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION on that same
surface for the same period of time. It is useful in
calculating DIFFUSE RADIATION and RADIATION falling on a
tilted surface.
F - indice de clarte
S - indice de claridad
CLERESTORY (sol). A vertical window that is placed high in
a wall near the eaves for light, HEAT GAIN, and ventilation.
F - lanterneau
S - claraboya
CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM (sol). A SOLAR HEATING system in which
distilled water, antifreeze, and/or corrosion inhibitors
are circulated through the COLLECTORS and storage tanks
in a closed loop. Heat picked up from the collectors by
the circulating FLUIDS is transferred to the water in
the storage tanks through the closed loop or other HEAT
EXCHANGERS.
F - circuit ferme, systeme de
S - sistema de ciclo cerrado
C/N (biocon). (See: CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO)
F - C/N
S - C/N
COAL GASIFICATION (prod). The combustion of coal to form a
gas suitable for use as a fuel. This is usually done in
a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR.
F - gazeification du charbon
S - gasificacion del carbon
COB ADOBE (constr). A type of ADOBE in which corn cobs are
added to clay, water, and straw. Adobe bricks are reinforced
by this addition of cobs during the brick-making
process. Cob adobe is a useful THERMAL MASS.
F - adobe a la rafle de mais
S - mezcla de paja, arcilla, agua y mazorcas
COLLECTION (sol). The act of trapping SOLAR RADIATION.
F - captation
S - captacion
COLLECTOR (sol). A device to trap SOLAR RADIATION and convert
it into usable heat. The term collector frequently
refers to an insulated frame containing a panel made
from an ABSORBER PLATE and GLAZING. More broadly, a
well-designed building with windows facing the equator
may also be considered a collector, as can other solar
devices that capture SOLAR RADIATION in the form of
heat.
F - capteur
S - colector
COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY
COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY (sol) (meas). The ratio of SOLAR
ENERGY absorbed by a COLLECTOR to the RADIANT ENERGY
falling on the collector.
F - rendement d'un collecteur
S - eficiencia del colector
COLLECTOR/HEAT-EXCHANGER CORRECTION FACTOR (sol) (meas).
An index that indicates how much useful SOLAR ENERGY is
lost during the exchange of heat from the COLLECTOR to
the storage tank in LIQUID-BASED SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS.
F - coefficient de correction capteur-echangeur de
chaleur
S - factor de correccion del colector/termopermutador
COLLECTOR-HEAT REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FACTOR (sol) (meas). The
ratio of actual useful HEAT GAIN of a FLAT-PLATE SOLAR
COLLECTOR to the heat gain if the entire COLLECTOR PLATE
were at the same temperature as the inlet FLUID.
F - coefficient de rendement capteur-echangeur de
chaleur
S - factor de eficiencia del colector-termoextractor
COLLECTOR PLATE (sol). A metal sheet in a SOLAR COLLECTOR
whose primary function is to absorb as much as possible
of the SOLAR RADIATION reaching it through the GLAZING,
while losing as little heat as possible as it transfers
the retained heat to the HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.
F - plaque collectrice
S - placa colectora
COLLECTOR TILT ANGLE (sol) (meas). The angle between the
plane of the horizon and the surface of a SOLAR COLLECTOR,
generally used to maximize the COLLECTION of SOLAR
RADIATION.
F - inclinaison d'un capteur
S - angulo de inclinacion del colector
COMBUSTIBLE GAS (biocon) (prod). Gas that will burn. This
includes BIOGAS, PRODUCER GAS, and other VOLATILE
FLUIDS.
F - gaz combustible
S - gas combustible
COMBUSTION CHAMBER (heat). The place in a stove where fuel
is burned.
F - chambre de combustion
S - camara de combustion
COMBUSTION ZONE (prod). The section in a PRODUCER GAS
GENERATOR in which the FEEDSTOCK is burned.
F - zone de combustion
S - zona de combustion
COMMON SAIL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL SAIL that is covered
with a canvas cloth.
F - aile de moulin
S - aspa comun
CONING
COMPOSTED SLUDGE (biocon). SLUDGE that has been rendered
relatively PATHOGEN-free through COMPOSTING. It generally
can be used safely as fertilizer.
F - boues compostees
S - composte de lodos cloacales
COMPOSTING (biocon). AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION of ORGANIC
MATTER. The resulting material is used as a fertilizer.
F - compostage
S - composte
COMPOUND PARABOLIC COLLECTOR (sol). A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR
using parabolic REFLECTORS.
F - capteur parabolique compose
S - colector parabolico compuesto
CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR that uses
REFLECTORS to concentrate DIRECT RADIATION from the sun
onto a narrow ABSORBER PLATE to produce intense heat.
F - capteur a concentration [1]
S - colector concentrador
CONCENTRATING PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY (sol). A series of lenses
or mirrors used to concentrate SOLAR RADIATION onto
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, which convert the sunlight into
electricity. The concentrated sunlight increases the
output of each cell, thus reducing the total number of
cells required to produce a given amount of electricity.
(See also: PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY)
F - groupe photovoltaique de concentration
S - conjunto concentrador fotovoltaico
CONCENTRATING THERMAL COLLECTOR (sol). (See: CONCENTRATING
COLLECTOR)
F - capteur thermique a concentration
S - colector termico concentrador
CONCENTRATION (gen). The amount of a substance contained
in a FLUID per unit volume.
F - concentration
S - concentracion
CONDENSER (gen) (impl). A device used to change a vapor
into a liquid. This can be done either by exposing to
air a tube that contains vapor, or by passing the tube
through a WATER JACKET.
F - condenseur
S - condensador
CONDUCTION (heat). Heat transfer from direct contact
between a hot body and a cold body.
F - conduction
S - conduccion
CONING (wind). The practice of tilting up the WIND SHAFT
of a WIND MACHINE at a small angle.
F - fuseler
S - movimiento de la pala
CONTINUOUS DIGESTION
CONTINUOUS DIGESTION (biocon). The continuous feeding of
BIOMASS into a BIOGAS DIGESTER, with the removal of an
equivalent volume of EFFLUENT. The process is usually
started with the addition of a SEED. It may take several
DETENTION TIMES before the process becomes steady. For
many purposes, this is a more EFFICIENT and convenient
process than BATCH DIGESTION. Processes involving daily
addition and removal are more properly described as
semi-continuous.
F - digestion en continu
S - digestion continua
CONTINUOUS FLOW DIGESTER (biocon). A DIGESTER into which
BIOMASS may be loaded and gas and EFFLUENT recovered
without discontinuing digestion.
F - digesteur a flux continu
S - digestor de circulacion continua
CONTINUOUS PROCESSING (biocon). (See: CONTINUOUS DIGESTION)
F - traitement en continu
S - proceso continuo
CONTINUOUS STILL (alc). An ALCOHOL STILL into which MASH
may be loaded and ALCOHOL recovered without discontinuing
alcohol production.
F - alambic a distillation continue
S - alambique continuo
CONTROLLED BURNING ATMOSPHERE (fos). An atmosphere in
which oil or natural gas is burned with just enough oxygen
to prevent all the carbon from being consumed. The
recovered carbon may be used as a fuel.
F - atmosphere a combustion controlee
S - atmosfera de combustion controlada
CONVECTION (heat). The transfer of heat between one location
or surface and another by the motion of a heat-carrying
FLUID. Also, the transfer of heat within a
fluid by movements within the fluid.
F - convection
S - conveccion
CONVECTION AIR COOLER (refrig). A non-electric cooler that
depends on the natural circulation of air.
F - refroidisseur par convection d'air
S - enfriador de aire por conveccion
CONVERSION PROCESS (gen). A process through which ENERGY
is converted from one form to another, such as RADIANT
ENERGY into heat or electric energy.
F - conversion
S - proceso de conversion
COOKER (alc). A heated tank with an AGITATOR that heats
the MASH as part of the ALCOHOL production process.
F - chaudiere de cuisson
S - caldera de coccion
CROSS-FLOW TURBINE
COOKING (alc). A heating and stirring process that breaks
down STARCH granules, thus making the starch available
for the liquefaction and SACCHARIFICATION steps of the
ALCOHOL manufacturing process.
F - cuisson
S - coccion
COOK STOVE (biocon). An apparatus in which fuel is burned
to produce heat for cooking.
F - cuisiniere
S - estufa
CO-PRODUCT (alc). Substances resulting from the production
of ETHANOL by FERMENTATION.
F - coproduit
S - coproducto
CORRUGATED METAL SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol). A type of SOLAR
COLLECTOR that uses a corrugated metal as its ABSORBER
PLATE. The metal is usually painted with FLAT BLACK
PAINT.
F - capteur solaire en tole ondulee
S - colector solar de metal corrugado
COVER (sol). (See: GLAZING)
F - revetement
S - revestimiento
COVER PLATE (sol). The transparent material placed over a
COLLECTOR-ABSORBER PLATE so that heat loss to the atmosphere
is reduced and a greater fraction of the SOLAR
RADIATION is collected as useable heat.
F - plaque de couverture
S - placa revestidora
CREOSOTE OIL (gen). A by-product from CHARCOAL production
by DISTILLATION. It may be used as a preservative to
protect wood from termites, moisture, etc.
F - huile de creosote
S - aceite de creosota
CRETAN SAIL WINDMILL (wind). (See: CRETAN WINDMILL)
F - moulin a ailes cretois
S - molino de viento con aspas cretanas
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CRETAN WINDMILL (wind). A type of HORIZONTAL AXIS SAIL
ROTOR WINDMILL generally having four fixed, triangular
SAILS. Cretan windmills are used primarily for low-lift
water pumping.
F - moulin a vent cretois
S - molino de viento cretano
CROSS (wind) (arc). A cruciform iron support for the sail
assembly, used as an alternative to the POLL END.
F - croix
S - aspa de hierro
CROSS-FLOW TURBINE (hydr). (See: BANKI TURBINE)
F - turbine a ecoulement radial
S - turbina con rodete de tambor
CROSSWIND
CROSSWIND (wind). Winds blowing crosswise to the direction
of the wind stream.
F - vent de travers
S - viento de costado
CULTURE (bio). A preparation containing micro-organisms
that are growing on a medium.
F - bouillon de culture
S - cultivo
CUP ANEMOMETER
CUP ANEMOMETER (wind) (meas). An ANEMOMETER with three or
four cups that rotate with the wind to measure wind
speed.
F - anemometre a coquilles
S - anemometro de tazas
<FIGURE>
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CUPS
CUPS (hydr). Bowl shaped BLADES found on PELTON WHEELS and
other types of IMPULSE TURBINES.
F - godets
S - tazas
<FIGURE>
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CURB (wind) (arc). In SMOCK MILLS and TOWER MILLS, the
circular timber rim or wall plate supporting the revolving
cap.
F - chemin de glissement
S - apoyo circular
CURRENT (elec). The FLOW of electrons through a conductor.
F - courant
S - corriente
CUT-IN SPEED (wind). The WIND VELOCITY at which a WIND
MACHINE is activated.
F - vitesse d'enclenchement
S - velocidad de accionamiento
CUT-OUT SPEED (wind). The WIND VELOCITY at which a WIND
MACHINE turns out of the wind. (See also: BATTERY
CUT-OUT)
F - vitesse de disjonction
S - velocidad de interrupcion
CYLINDER (hydr). In hydraulic systems, a short, hollow
metal tube containing a piston, piston rod, and end
seals, and fitted with a system to allow the entrance
and exit of FLUIDS.
F - cylindre
S - cilindro
D
DAM (hydr). A structure that detains the FLOW of water in
an open CHANNEL or watercourse. POWER dams raise the
level of streams or rivers to create or concentrate HEAD
for power purposes.
F - barrage
S - represa
<FIGURE>
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DAMPER (heat). A movable plate or other device for regulating
the air-FLOW and burning rate in a stove. It is
often located either inside the stove or in the FLUE
pipe.
F - registre
S - regulador de tiro
<FIGURE>
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DARRIEUS ROTOR WINDMILL (wind). A VERTICAL AXIS WIND
MACHINE that has long, thin, loop-shaped BLADES connected
at the top and bottom of the WIND SHAFT.
F - eolienne a rotor de Darrieus
S - molino de viento de rotor Darrieus
<FIGURE>
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DC (elec). Abbreviation for DIRECT CURRENT.
F - CC
S - C.C.
DDG (alc). Abbreviation for DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAINS.
(See: DISTILLER'S GRAINS)
F - GSB
S - G.S.D.
DEADMAN
DDGS (alc). Abbreviation for DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAINS and
SOLUBLES. (See: DISTILLER's GRAIN)
F - G.S.B.S.
S - G.S.D.S.
DEAD AIR SPACE (constr) (sol). An empty area within the
walls of a building in which the air remains motionless
and acts as insulation. Dead air space may be included
in a SOLAR COLLECTOR between the ABSORBER PLATE and the
GLAZING, between glazings, and in the CASING.
F - espace d'air inerte
S - espacio de aire no renovado
DEAD CURB (wind) (arc). A ledge supporting the CAP of a
WINDMILL without the interposition of WHEELS or ROLLERS.
F - chemin dormant
S - reborde
DEADMAN (wind). A log or a mass of concrete or steel
buried in the ground, to which GUY WIRES for supporting
towers and poles are attached.
F - point fixe d'ammarage
S - macizo de anclaje
<FIGURE>
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DECOMPOSITION
DECOMPOSITION (bio) (chem). Decay of ORGANIC MATTER due to
the action of BACTERIA. Also the separation of a substance
into its component parts by chemical action.
F - decomposition
S - descomposicion
DEEP CYCLE BATTERY (elec) (wind). A BATTERY that can be
fully charged and discharged without shortening its
life. They are often used with WIND GENERATORS.
F - batterie a cycle profond
S - bateria de gran ciclo
DEGREE DAY COOLING (gen) (meas). A measurement used to
evaluate the summer cooling requirements of a given
location. Each degree that the daily temperature is
above 75 [degrees] F (24 [degrees] C), one cooling degree day is counted.
F - degre-jour de refroidissement
S - enfriamiento de grado-dia
DEGREE DAY HEATING (gen) (meas). A measurement used to
determine the winter heating requirements of a given
location. Each degree that the daily temperature is
below 65 [degrees] F (19 [degrees] C) is a heating degree day.
F - degre-jour de chauffage
S - calefaccion de grado-dia
DIGESTED SLURRY
DEHYDRATION (gen). The removal of moisture from a
substance.
F - deshydratation
S - deshidratacion
DENATURE (alc). The process of adding a substance, often
METHANOL, to ETHANOL to make it unfit for human
consumption.
F - denaturer
S - desnaturalizar
DEPHLEGMATOR (alc). (See: ALCOHOL STILL)
F - deflegmateur
S - desflegmador
DESIGN HEAT LOAD (heat) (meas). The total heat loss from a
building during the most severe winter conditions the
building is likely to experience.
F - charge thermique nominale
S - carga de calefaccion prevista
DESSICANT (gen). A substance with an affinity for water,
used for drying purposes.
F - dessiccatif
S - desecante
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION (alc) (gen). The heating, DECOMPOSITION,
and subsequent DISTILLATION of FLUIDS from
ORGANIC MATTER (e.g., METHANOL production from wood).
F - distillation destructive
S - destilacion destructora
DETENTION TIME (biocon) (meas). The amount of time that
incoming material is retained in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - temps de retention
S - periodo de detencion
DIFFUSED RADIATION (sol). Indirect, scattered sunlight,
which casts no shadow. It is the opposite of DIRECT
RADIATION.
F - rayonnement diffus
S - radiacion difusa
DIFFUSION (chem). The process by which a substance of a
greater CONCENTRATION mixes with a substance of a lesser
concentration to produce a uniform mixture.
F - diffusion
S - difusion
DIGESTED SLUDGE (biocon). The residue remaining after
DIGESTION. Digested sludge contains some UNDIGESTED
SOLIDS and stabilized ORGANIC MATTER.
F - boues digerees
S - sedimento digerido
DIGESTED SLURRY (biocon). (See: DIGESTED SLUDGE)
F - boue digeree
S - fango digerido
DIGESTER
DIGESTER (biocon). The tank in which ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
takes place.
F - digesteur
S - digestor
DIGESTER TANK (bio). The reservoir area in a BIOGAS DIGESTER
in which DIGESTION of ORGANIC MATTER takes
place. It usually has some gas holding capacity, and
provides For the collection and removal of SCUM and
SLUDGE.
F - reservoir digesteur
S - tanque digestor
DIGESTION (biocon). The process by which ORGANIC MATTER is
decomposed by the action of ANAEROBIC BACTERIA, producing
METHANE and high-grade fertilizer.
F - digestion
S - digestion
DILUTION RATE (biocon) (meas). The frequency with which
water is added to a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - taux de dilution
S - tasa de dilucion
DIRECT CONVERSION (sol). The transformation of sunlight to
electricity without an intervening thermodynamic cycle.
F - conversion directe
S - conversion directa
DIRECT CURRENT (elec). A continuous, one-directional FLOW
of electricity, such as that from a BATTERY. Commonly
abbreviated as dc.
F - courant continu
S - corriente continua
DIRECT GAIN SYSTEM (sol). (See: DIRECT SOLAR GAIN)
F - gain direct, systeme de
S - sistema de ganancia directa
DIRECT METHODS OF SOLAR HEATING (sol). SOLAR HEATING techniques
in which SOLAR RADIATION enters a building
through windows and SKYLIGHTS and is trapped inside to
warm a room.
F - chauffage solaire direct
S - metodos directos de calefaccion solar
DIRECT RADIATION (sol). Sunlight that has traveled a
straight path from the sun. It is the opposite of
DIFFUSED RADIATION.
F - rayonnement direct
S - radiacion directa
DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY (sol). ENERGY acquired From conversion
of DIRECT RADIATION.
F - energie solaire directe
S - energia solar directa
DOUBLE-GLAZING
DIRECT SOLAR GAIN (sol). A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING system in
which SOLAR RADIATION passes through and warms a room in
a dwelling before being stored in THERMAL MASS for
longterm heating.
F - apport solaire direct
S - ganancia solar directa
DISCHARGE PIPE (hydr) (biocon). [1] The pipe through which
water exits from a WATER TURBINE. [2] The outlet for
EFFLUENT from a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - [1] tube de decharge; [2] tuyau d'evacuation
S - tubo de descarga
DISTILLATE (alc). The portion of a liquid that is removed
from a solid or semisolid as a vapor and CONDENSED
during the DISTILLATION process. ETHANOL is a distillate
of FERMENTED MASH. (See also: SOLAR DISTILLATE)
F - distillat
S - destilado
DISTILLATION (alc). An evaporation and recondensation
process by which liquids are separated into various
fractions according to their boiling points. ETHANOL is
separated by distillation from MASH and water.
F - distillation
S - destilacion
DISTILLATION COLUMN (alc). (See: STILL COLUMN)
F - colonne de distillation
S - columna de destilacion
DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAIN (DDG) (alc). (See: DISTILLER'S
GRAIN)
F - grains secs de brasserie (GSB)
S - grano seco de destilacion (GSD)
DISTILLER'S GRAIN (alc). A by-product of ETHANOL production.
Once ethanol has been driven from the MASH in an
ALCOHOL STILL, the remaining solids are known as distiller's
grain. When dried, these grains can be used as
high protein animal feed. The dried distiller's grain
commonly is abbreviated as DDG. (Syn: BREWER'S DRIED
GRAIN)
F - grains de distillerie
S - grano de destilacion
DISTILLER'S MASH (alc). (See: SPENT MASH)
F - mout de distillateur
S - mezcla de destilacion
DOUBLE CHAMBER (biocon). A type of BIOGAS DIGESTER in
which the GASHOLDER is separate from the DIGESTER TANK.
F - chambre double
S - camara doble
DOUBLE-GLAZING (sol). [1] A cover for a SOLAR COLLECTOR
that is made from two layers of GLAZING materials. [2]
Double-glass windows designed to serve as insulation for
buildings.
F - [1] vitre double; [2] double vitrage
S - vidriado doble
DOUBLE-SHUTTERED
DOUBLE-SHUTTERED (wind) (arc). PATENT SAILS or SPRING
SAILS fitted with SHUTTERS on both sides of the WHIP.
F - double volets, a
S - doble postigo
DOWNCOMER (alc) (impl). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL.
When water is separated from ALCOHOL during DISTILLATION,
the water falls toward the bottom of the STILL
COLUMN through a pipe called a downcomer.
F - deversoir
S - tubo de descenso
DOWNDRAFT (gen) (prod). [1] A type of PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR
in which air and gas FLOWS from the top of the COMBUSTION
ZONE down through to the bottom. [2] KILNS or
other types of ovens and stoves in which CONVECTION or
combustion air flows down through the device.
F - [1] tirage en bas; [2] tirage inverse
S - corriente descendiente
DOWNWIND (wind). On the side opposite the WIND DIRECTION.
F - sous le vent
S - con el viento
<FIGURE>
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DRYING BED
DRAFT (heat). The FLOW of air through a KILN, stove, oven,
fireplace, PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR, etc. Draft affects
both temperature and rate of combustion.
F - tirage
S - tiro de aire
DRAG (wind). An aerodynamic force that retards the motion
of lift-type ROTOR blades, or that causes BLADE motion
in DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINES.
F - trainee
S - resistencia aerodinamica
DRAG-TYPE SYSTEM (wind). WIND MACHINES that are actuated
by aerodynamic DRAG in a WIND STREAM (e.g., SAVONIUS
ROTOR).
F - type a trainee, systeme du
S - sistema del tipo de arrastre
DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINE (wind). A WIND MACHINE that rotates
by being pushed by the wind instead of by being driven
by LIFT forces. This is generally a slow-moving device.
F - eolienne a trainee
S - aerogenerador del tipo de arrastre
DRAIN DOWN SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR that
will automatically drain itself to protect against
freezing.
F - capteur solaire a evacuation automatique
S - colector solar con drenaje
DRY BIOMASS (gen). Moisture-free BIOMASS. It is valuable
because it can be conveniently stored for long periods
of time. (See also: DRY ORGANIC WASTE)
F - biomasse seche
S - biomasa seca
DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE (meas). The temperature of air as
indicated by a standard thermometer, as contrasted with
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE that depends on atmospheric humidity.
This measure of AMBIENT temperature is used in
designing PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING
systems.
F - temperature au thermometre sec
S - temperatura de bola seca
DRY DIGESTION (biocon). DIGESTION in which more than 10
percent of the SLURRY is solid material.
F - digestion seche
S - digestion seca
DRYING BED (biocon). An area prepared for drying EFFLUENT
after it hs been removed from a METHANE DIGESTER. Dried
effluent can be used as fertilizer or as animal feed.
F - lit de sechage
S - lecho secador
DRY ORGANIC WASTE
DRY ORGANIC WASTE (gen). ORGANIC WASTE that is free from
moisture. This type of waste can be stored for long
periods before being used as a fuel or fertilizer. (See
also: DRY BIOMASS)
F - dechets organiques secs
S - desperdicios organicos secos
DRY SLURRY (biocon). SLURRY that is more than 10 percent
solid material.
F - boue seche
S - fango seco
DRY STEAM (geo). An ENERGY source obtained when hot water
boils in an underground reservoir. As the steam rises,
some of it condenses on surrounding rack. The uncondensed
steam that reaches the surface is called dry
steam, and may be tapped and used in STEAM TURBINES.
F - vapeur seche
S - vapor seco
DUAL-FUEL ENGINE (auto) (gen). A gasoline or diesel
engine equipped to operate on an alternative fuel,
either alternately or in combination (e.g., gasoline-BIOGAS,
diesel-biogas, gasoline-WOOD GAS, diesel-wood
gas).
F - moteur polycarburant
S - motor a doble combustible
DYNAPOD
DUNG (bio). Manure, usually without urine. Dried dung can
be burned directly as a fuel or used as a fertilizer.
F - fumier
S - estiercol
DUNG GAS (biocon). (See: BIOGAS)
F - gaz de fumier
S - gas de estiercol
DYNAMO (elec). A device for converting mechanical ENERGY
into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction.
Dynamos are often adapted to be driven by WINDMILLS.
(See also: ALTERNATOR)
F - dynamo
S - dinamo
DYNAPOD (gen) (impl). A pedal-operated POWER source. It is
used to drive a variety of machines and devices.
F - dynapod
S - dynapod
<FIGURE>
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E
EARTH KILN (heat). A relatively inefficient KILN made by
mounding earth over the materials to be burned. Used in
traditional CHARCOAL production.
F - meule a charbon de bois
S - horno de tierra
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ECCENTRIC WHEEL (gen). A wheel in which the axle is not at
the center point, but slightly off-center.
F - roue excentrique
S - rueda excentrica
<FIGURE>
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ECONOMIZER (heat). A HEAT EXCHANGER that recovers heat
from FLUE gases and uses it to heat feedwater or combustion
air.
F - economiseur
S - economizador
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
EFFECTIVENESS (heat) (meas). The ratio of actual heat
transfer in a HEAT EXCHANGER to the maximum possible
heat transfer.
F - efficacite
S - eficacia
EFFICIENCY (gen). The ratio of the ENERGY output to the
energy input. Efficiency is usually expressed as a
percentage.
F - rendement
S - eficiencia
EFFLUENT (biocon). [1] SLURRY that has been removed from a
BIOGAS PLANT. [2] Liquid sewage after having passed
through any stage in its purification.
F - effluent
S - efluente
EMISSIVITY (sol). The ratio of RADIANT ENERGY emitted by a
body to that emitted by a perfect BLACKBODY. A perfect
blackbody has an emissivity of one; a perfect REFLECTOR,
an emissivity of zero.
F - emissivite
S - emisividad
EMITTANCE (sol) (meas). A rating of the ability of a
material to give off heat as RADIANT ENERGY.
F - emittance
S - emitancia
ENERGY (gen). The capacity of a body to do work; POWER in
action.
F - energie
S - energia
ENERGY CAPABILITY OF AN ELECTRICITY-PRODUCING DEVICE (gen)
(meas). The maximum amount of electricity that an
electricity-producing device may produce under the best
conditions during a given period. ENERGY capability is
determined by the mechanical EFFICIENCY of the device.
F - capacite energetique d'un dispositif produisant du
courant
S - capacidad energetica de un aparato productor de
electricidad
ENERGY CONSERVATION (gen). Practices and measures that
increase the EFFICIENCY with which ENERGY is used or
produced.
F - conservation de l'energie
S - conservacion de energia
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (gen). The amount of ENERGY consumed in
the form in which it is obtained by the user. This term
excludes electrical generation and distribution losses.
It also is called net energy consumption.
F - consommation d'energie
S - consumo de energia
ENERGY CONVERSION
ENERGY CONVERSION (gen). The act of changing ENERGY from
one form to another (e.g., WIND ENERGY to mechanical
energy).
ENERGY CONVERSION OF PRACTICAL, RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEMS - Maximum Efficiency
Wind Generator 40%
Mechanical Water Turbine 68-93% Electrical
Steam Power Plant 40%
Mechanical Windmill 20-30% Mechanical
Waterwheel 70-85%
Solar Flat Collector 40-60% Thermal
Concentrator 80-90% (Heat)
Chemical Wood Combustion Burner Thermal
85% maximum (Heat)
Chemical Battery 80% (Storage) Electrical
Chemical Biogas Digester 40-60% Chemical
F - conversion de l'energie
S - conversion de energia
ENERGY PATTERN FACTOR (wind). The ratio of the available
ENERGY in all of the winds in a particular location over
a certain period of time to the energy that would be
available if the WIND SPEED over that period of time
were constant at the mean wind speed over that period of
time.
F - coefficient de diagramme energetique
S - factor energetico del viento
ENERGY PRODUCTS (gen). Fuels that can be used to produce
ENERGY. Also, the by-products that result when fuels are
produced.
F - combustibles energetiques
S - productos energeticos
ENERGY STORAGE (gen) (meas). The ability to convert ENERGY
into other forms, such as heat or a chemical reaction,
so that it can be retrieved for later use. Also the
development, design, construction, and operation of
devices for storing energy until needed. The technology
includes devices such as batteries, pumped storage for
hydroelectric generation and compressed gas.
F - stockage de l'energie
S - almacenamiento de energia
ENHANCEMENT (sol). Increasing the amount of sunlight
transmitted through the GLAZING in a SOLAR COLLECTOR
through the use of a REFLECTOR.
F - renforcement
S - intensificacion
EQUINOX
RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE
Storage
Storage Efficien- Major Loss (*) (**)
Medium cy (%) Characteristics A B
SOLAR Water 75-90 Leaks (therma] 2 1
(Heat) & physical)
Earth varies Leaks (thermal) 1 1
Rock 60-80 Leaks (thermal) 2 2
Salt Hy- 75-95 Material Break- 3 3
drates down
WIND/WATER Pumped 50-70 Evaporation 1 2
(Mechanical) Water Friction
Compressed 40-50 Leaks 2 2
Air (com- Friction
pressed)
WIND/WATER Battery 70-85 Internal 3 3
(Electrical) Discharge
METHANE Tank Leaks 1 2
Tank (com- 50-60 3 3
pressed)
ALCOHOL Tank Leaks
Evaporation 1 1
(*) A Relative Cost 1. Negligible
2. Intermediate
(**) B Degree of Mechanical Complexity 3. Considerable
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS (alc). The use of ENZYMES to convert
STARCH into simple sugars. This is a stage in the production
of ETHANOL.
F - saccharification enzymatique
S - hidrolisis enzimica
ENZYMES (chem) (alc). Organic substances that are produced
in the cells of living organisms, and which cause specific
chemical changes. Enzymes are produced by BACTERIA
or FUNGI and are used in the liquefication and SACCHARIFICATION
steps of ALCOHOL production.
F - enzymes
S - enzimas
EOLIAN (wind). Of, relating to, formed by, or deposited by
the wind or air currents. (Syn: Aeolian)
F - eolien, eolienne
S - eolico
EQUINOX (sol). Either of two times of year when the sun
passes over the celestial equator and when the length of
day and night are almost equal.
F - equinoxe
S - equinoccio
ETHANOL
ETHANOL (alc). A Flammable organic compound (C[H.sub.3]C[H.sub.2]OH)
formed during sugar FERMENTATION. It is also called
ethyl alcohol, GRAIN ALCOHOL, or simply ALCOHOL.
F - ethanol
S - etanol
ETHYL ALCOHOL (alc). (See: ETHANOL)
F - alcool ethylique
S - alcohol etilico
EUTECTIC SALTS (heat). Heat storing salts that melt at a
relatively low temperature. They absorb large quantities
of heat when they do melt. Heat is released when the
salts freeze.
F - eutectiques
S - sales eutecticos
EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR that
uses a vacuum to insulate the ABSORBER PLATE. This
COLLECTOR is highly EFFICIENT but very expensive.
F - capteur a tube vide
S - colector con tubo vaciado
EVAPORATIVE COOLING (refrig). The exchange of heat from
air to a water spray or wet surface through a reversible
THERMODYNAMIC process. Air passing through the water is
cooled as the water evaporates. The process can be
reversed by condensing the vapor on a cool surface.
F - refroidissement par evaporation
S - enfriamiento evaporante
EXCESS AIR (heat). Air that passes through a COMBUSTION
ZONE in excess of the quantity theoretically required
for complete combustion.
F - exces d'air
S - aire excesivo
EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION (sol) (meas). The amount
of SOLAR RADIATION that would strike a surface if that
surface were outside the Earth's atmosphere. (See also:
CLEARNESS INDEX)
F - rayonnement solaire extraterrestre
S - radiacion solar extraterrestre
F
F (meas). Abbreviation for FAHRENHEIT.
F - F
S - F
FAHRENHEIT (meas). The temperature scale in which water
freezes at 32 [degrees] F and boils at 212 [degrees] F. Temperatures of the
Fahrenheit scale can be converted to equivalent temperatures
on the CELSIUS or Centigrade scale by first subtracting
32 [degrees] from the Fahrenheit temperature, then
multiplying the result by 5/9 according to the formula:
(F -32) X 5/9 = C.
F - Fahrenheit
S - Fahrenheit
FALL WIND (wind). A strong, cold, downhill wind.
F - vent catabatique
S - racha de viento
FANTAIL (wind) (arc). A small, secondary ROTOR set at a
right angle to the main ROTOR of a WINDMILL to provide
the motive POWER to turn the CAP to face the wind.
F - gouvernail
S - timon
FARM WINDMILL (wind). A multi-BLADED WINDMILL that is
based on an Early American design and is used primarily
for water pumping.
F - eolienne de ferme
S - molino de viento rural
<FIGURE>
10p54.gif (486x317)
FEATHER (wind). Turning the SAILS or the ROTOR of a WIND
MACHINE out of the wind to protect the device from
damage from high WIND VELOCITIES.
F - mettre en drapeau
S - poner en bandolera
FEATHERING MECHANISM (wind) (impl). A mechanism on a
WINDMILL that automatically turns the BLADES out of the
wind when winds are too strong. This slows the windmill,
protecting it from damage in high winds.
F - mecanisme de mise en drapeau
S - mecanismo de puesta en bandolera
FEED (gen). See: FEEDSTOCK)
F - alimentation
S - alimento
FEEDSTOCK (gen). The raw ORGANIC MATTER, such as grain,
fruit, DUNG, or other BIOMASS, used as the INFLUENT in
the FERMENTATION or DIGESTION processes.
F - charge d'alimentation
S - materia prima organica
FARM WINDMILL
FIRE BRICK
FENESTRATION (sol). An opening in a building that admits
light and/or air.
F - fenestration
S - ventanaje
FERMENT (biocon). A transformation or DECOMPOSITION of
ORGANIC MATTER by the catalytic effect of ENZYMATIC
action. To cause or undergo the action of FERMENTATION.
F - fermenter
S - fermentar
FERMENTABLE SUGAR (alc). (See: MONOSACCHARIDE)
F - sucre fermentable
S - azucar fermentable
FERMENTATION (alc) (chem). [1] A biological sequence of
ENZYMATIC reactions that convert sugars to carbon dioxide
and ALCOHOL in the absence of FREE OXYGEN. The term
generally refers to metabolism in the absence of oxygen.
[2] The process by which YEAST changes sugar to
ALCOHOL in the absence of air. [3] The process of
chemical change in ORGANIC MATTER brought about by
living organisms.
F - fermentation
S - fermentacion
FERMENTATION PERIOD (gen) (meas). The length of time
required for a substance to FERMENT.
F - duree de fermentation
S - periodo de fermentacion
FERMENTATION TANK (alc). The container in which FERMENTATION
takes place in an ETHANOL production operation.
F - cuve de fermentation
S - tanque de fermentacion
FERMENTER (gen). (See: FERMENTATION TANK)
F - fermenteur
S - fermentador
FETCH AREA (wind). The geographic area over which the wind
passes shortly before reaching a WIND MACHINE. It is
considered in the selection of a site for a wind-powered
device.
F - portee du vent
S - extension expuesta
FIRE BACK (constr). A metal plate set in a CHIMNEY to control
the back DRAFT of flames.
F - contre-feu
S - respaldo refractario
FIREBOX (gen). The area in a stove, oven, or PRODUCER
GAS GENERATOR in which combustion occurs.
F - chambre de combustion
S - caja refractaria
FIRE BRICK (constr). A type of brick with a high melting
point that is used to line FLUES, CHIMNEYS, furnaces,
and fireplaces.
F - brique refractaire
S - ladrillo refractario
FIXED-DOME DIGESTER
FIXED-DOME DIGESTER (biocon). A BIOGAS DIGESTER in which
the gasholder is an integral part of the digester,
rather than a FLOATING GAS CAP. This type of digester is
usually used to produce fertilizer. METHANE is considered
a by-product.
F - digesteur a dome fixe
S - digestor de sombrerete fijo
FLAT BLACK PAINT (sol). A nonglossy black paint with a
relatively high ABSORPTANCE.
F - peinture noire mate
S - pintura negra uniforme
FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol). A device that uses an
ABSORBER PLATE to COLLECT SOLAR RADIATION without
assistance of devices to concentrate the sun's rays.
F - capteur solaire a panneau plan
S - colector solar de placa lisa
FLOAT (hydr). The BUCKET of a WATER WHEEL.
F - aube
S - paleta [1]
FLOATING GAS CAP (biocon). A lid over a BIOGAS DIGESTER
that rises or falls with the production of METHANE.
F - cloche a gaz flottante
S - sombrerete movible
<FIGURE>
10p56.gif (540x540)
FOCUSING COLLECTOR
FLOW (gen). The volume of a substance passing a point per
unit time (e.g., meters per second, gallons per hour,
etc.)
F - debit
S - flujo
FLOW DESIGN (hydr) (meas). The FLOW rate at which a
TURBINE is designed to operate.
F - debit nominal
S - diseno de flujo
FLUE (const). A passageway in a CHIMNEY that vents gases
produced during combustion. The flue opening can be
regulated to control the DRAFT in the oven or stove,
thus changing the rate of combustion.
F - carneau
S - conducto de humos
FLUE GAS DRYING (heat). THERMAL drying using gases in a
FLUE as the source of heat.
F - sechage au gaz de carneau
S - secado por gases del conducto
FLUID (gen). Any substance that FLOWS, such as a liquid or
gas. Fluids differ from solids in that they cannot
resist changes in their shape when acted upon by a
force.
F - fluide
S - fluido
FLUIDIZED BED GASSIFIER (prod). A type of PRODUCER GAS
GENERATOR in which air FLOWS upward through a bed of
suitably-sized fuel particles fast enough to buoy the
particles and give them an appearance of great agitation.
The fuel particles generally are small. This type
of combustion reduces the sulphur-dioxide emissions when
coal is burned.
F - gazogene a lit fluidise
S - gasificador en lecho fluidizado
FLUME (hydr). [1] A HEAD RACE in the form of a trough or
CHANNEL that carries water to a WATER WHEEL. [2] A
waterway, usually made of wood and often supported on a
trestle, that conveys water to be used for POWER,
transportation, etc.
F - [1] coursier; [2] canal d'amenee
S - canaleta
FLYWHEEL (gen) (impl). A rotating element attached to the
shaft of a machine to maintain uniform angular velocity
and revolutions per minute.
F - volant
S - volante
FOCUSING COLLECTOR (sol). A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR that
focuses the sun's rays on a sinqle point.
F - capteur a concentration [2]
S - colector enfocante
FOLD-UP REFLECTOR
FOLD-UP REFLECTOR (sol). A portable type of folding mirror
used in SOLAR COOKERS to reflect sunlight.
F - reflecteur pliant
S - reflector plegable
FOOT-POUND (gen) (meas). The amount of ENERGY required to
lift one pound of a substance one foot.
F - pied-livre
S - libra-pie
FORCED CONVECTION (heat). The use of a pump or blower to
control the FLOW of heat into a heated FLUID (e.g. circulating
warm air in a room or dwelling with a pump or
blower).
F - convection forcee
S - conveccion forzada
FOSSIL FUELS (fos). Nonrenewable, naturally-occurring
fuels from ORGANIC MATTER. These include coal, crude
oil, and natural gas.
F - combustibles fossiles
S - combustibles fosiles
FRACTIONATING COLUMN (alc). A vertical tube or column
attached to an ALCOHOL STILL that is usually filled with
packing or intersected with plates. An internal REFLUX
results in a separation between the high and low boiling
fractions inside the column. Those with the lowest boiling
point DISTILL out. (See also: DISTILLATION COLUMN)
F - colonne de fractionnement
S - columna de fraccionar
FRESNEL LENS
FRANCIS TURBINE (hydr). A WATER TURBINE that operates on a
low or medium HEAD and is often installed in large
HYDROELECTRIC plants. Water enters the turbine radially
and leaves axially.
F - turbine de Francis
S - turbina Francis
<FIGURE>
10p58.gif (486x486)
FREE OXYGEN (bio). Oxygen in the atmosphere, which can be
extracted at no cost. Conversely, oxygen extracted at a
cost would cause the substance from which the oxygen
molecules were taken to DECOMPOSE.
F - oxygene libre
S - oxigeno libre
FRESNEL COLLECTOR (sol). A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR
consisting of a concentric series of rings with
reflecting surfaces. These rings focus SOLAR RADIATION
onto an ABSORBER PLATE.
F - capteur a lentille de Fresnel
S - colector Fresnel
FRESNEL LENS (sol). A type of lens built up from a number
of narrow concentric segments. It is used in SOLAR
CONCENTRATORS.
F - lentille de Fresnel
S - lente de Fresnel
<FIGURE>
10p59.gif (486x486)
FRICTION
FRICTION (gen). Surface resistance to relative motion,
which slows down movement and causes heat.
F - frottement
S - friccion
FRICTION HEAD (hydr). HEAD or ENERGY lost due to FRICTION
created by the contact between a moving stream of water
and the conduit through which it is moving. In pipes,
the friction head is also caused by bends in the pipelines,
changes in the pipe diameter, valves, and
couplings.
F - perte frictionnelle
S - perdida de carga por rozamiento
FRUCTOSE(alc) (chem). A FERMENTABLE sugar commonly found
in fruit. Fructose can be used as a FEEDSTOCK in ETHANOL
production.
F - fructose
S - fructosa
FUEL EFFICIENCY (heat) (meas). The ratio of heat produced
by a fuel for doing work to the available heat of the
fuel. Fuel EFFICIENCY is determined by the nonheat-forming
materials in the fuel and the nonwork-producing heat
that is developed by the fuel.
F - rendement du combustible
S - eficiencia del combustible
FUELWOOD (heat). Any type of wood that can be used to fuel
a fire.
F - bois de chauffe
S - lena
FULL SAIL (wind) (arc). A COMMON SAIL with the cloth fully
spread.
F - aile deployee
S - aspa completamente estirada
FUNGUS (bio). One of numerous plants in the division of
Thallophyta characterized by a lack of chlorophyll,
including YEAST, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi do not
require FREE OXYGEN to survive. (Plural: fungi)
F - champignon
S - hongo
FURLING (wind). Rollinq up and tying back SAILS of a
WINDMILL to keep the ROTOR from turning.
F - ferlage
S - aferramiento
FURLING SPEED (wind). (See: CUT-OUT SPEED)
F - vitesse de ferlage
S - velocidad maxima admisible
G
GASAHOL (alc). A gasoline substitute or supplement derived
from 10 percent ETHANOL and 90 percent unleaded
gasoline. (Syn: gasohol)
F - carburol
S - gasohol
GAS CAP (biocon). (See: GASHOLDER)
F - cloche a gaz
S - tapa de gas
GAS DIGESTION (biocon). The second stage of BIOGAS generation,
during which METHANE ([CH.sub.4]) is produced.
F - digestion de gaz
S - digestion de gas
GASHOLDER (biocon). (1) A container for holding the BIOGAS
produced in a DIGESTER. The size of the holder depends
on the rates of gas production and gas use. (See also:
FLOATING GAS CAP)
F - gazometre
S - gasometro
GASIFICATION (prod). The conversion of wood or coal to
COMBUSTIBLE GAS without leaving a combustible residue.
F - gazeification
S - gasificacion
GASIFIER (prod). A special type of furnace in which the
air supply to the COMBUSTION ZONE is carefully metered.
This promotes the production of COMBUSTIBLE GASES as
wood or coal are burned.
F - gazogene
S - gasificador
GAS PRODUCTION RATE (biocon) (meas). The quantity of
METHANE generated per unit of time. It generally is
expressed as cubic feet/day or cubic meters/day. The
figure should be quoted under standard conditions of
temperature and pressure.
F - taux de production du gaz
S - tasa de produccion de gas
GAS SCRUBBER (gen). (See: SCRUBBING)
F - epurateur de gaz
S - lavagases
GAS STORAGE CAPACITY (biocon). The maximum amount of
METHANE that a BIOGAS DIGESTER is able to store. The
amount generally is expressed in cubic feet or cubic
meters.
F - capacite de stockage de gaz
S - capacidad de almacenamiento de gas
GAS TURBINE
GAS TURBINE (auto). An ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINE in
which a gas, under pressure or formed by combustion, is
directed against the BLADES of a TURBINE. The ENERGY in
the expanding gas is thereby converted into useful
mechanical energy.
F - turbine a gaz
S - turbina de gas
GEAR RATIO (gen) (meas). The number of revolutions required
of one gear to turn another gear, which generally
is of a different size.
F - demultiplication
S - relacion de los engranajes
GENERATOR (elec) (impl). A device that converts mechanical
ENERGY into electrical energy.
F - generateur
S - generador
GENGAS (prod). (See: PRODUCER GAS)
F - gaz pauvre de gazogene
S - gengas
GEOPRESSURED RESERVOIR (geo). A GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR consisting
of porous sands that contain water or BRINE at
high temperatures and pressure.
F - reservoir sous geopression
S - tanque de presion geotermica
GEOTHERMAL (geo). Of or relating to the heat of the
Earth's interior.
F - geothermique
S - geotermico
GEOTHERMAL FIELD (geo). A geographical region with known
GEOTHERMAL POWER sources that might be tapped to produce
ENERGY.
F - zone geothermique
S - zona geotermica
GEOTHERMAL POWER (geo). ENERGY obtained from GEOTHERMAL
sources. Geothermal power is tapped in three ways: by
using hot water, steam, or DRY STEAM. Each may be used
to drive a TURBINE.
F - energie geothermique
S - energia geotermica
GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR (geo). A water reserve created near a
HOT DRY ROCK RESERVOIR to develop a potential GEOTHERMAL
POWER site.
F - reservoir geothermique
S - tanque geotermico
GEOTHERMAL STEAM (geo). Steam drawn from sources within
the Earth.
F - vapeur geothermique
S - vapor geotermico
GEYSER (geo). Natural steam or hot water spouts in active
GEOTHERMAL regions.
F - geyser
S - geiser
GRAVITY CONVECTION
GIN POLE (wind). A long board or pipe used to improve the
leverage in lifting a TOWER for a WINDMILL.
F - fleche de levage
S - mastil grua
GLAZING (impl) (sol). A transparent sheet that admits sunlight
to a SOLAR COLLECTOR and then inhibits the escape
of heat. Commonly used glazing materials include ACETATE,
acrylic, fiber-reinforced plastics, and glass.
F - vitrification
S - vidriado
GLOBAL RADIATION (sol). The combination of DIFFUSED RADIATION,
DIRECT RADIATION, and REFLECTED RADIATION. (See:
SOLAR RADIATION)
F - rayonnement global
S - radiacion global
GLUCOSE (chem) (alc). The most common sugar, which is
derived from STARCH during the ETHANOL production
process.
F - glucose
S - glucosa
GOBAR GAS (biocon). (See: BIOGAS)
F - bio-gaz
S - gas gobar
GOVERNOR (gen) (impl). A device that regulates the speed
of an engine or other device under varying conditions of
load and pressure. Also a device for regulating the FLOW
or pressure of a FLUID passing through a device.
F - regulateur
S - regulador
GRAIN ALCOHOL (alc). ETHANOL made from grain by
DISTILLATION.
F - alcool de grains
S - alcohol de granos
GRAM CALORIE (gen). The amount of ENERGY required to raise
one gram of water one degree CELSIUS.
F - calorie [2]
S - caloria-gramo
GRAMLAXMI GAS (biocon). (See: BIOGAS)
F - bio-gaz
S - gas gramlaxmi
GRATE (impl) (heat). A frame of metal bars that holds
fuel above the floor of a firebox. It usually is used in
a boiler, GASIFIER, fireplace, or stove.
F - grille
S - parilla
GRAVITY CONVECTION heat). (See: NATURAL CONVECTION)
F - convection par pesanteur
S - conveccion por gravedad
GUIDE VANES
GUIDE VANES (hydr) (impl). Surfaces that direct water to
the appropriate parts of TURBINE BLADES or BUCKETS so as
to increase POWER output.
F - aubes directrices
S - alabe director
GUSSET (constr) (wind). A triangular metal brace for
reinforcing a corner or angle. It is commonly used in
TOWER construction.
F - gousset
S - esquinero
GUST (wind). A sudden, brief increase in WIND VELOCITY
that is then followed by calmer air.
F - rafale
S - rafaga
GUYED TOWER (impl) (wind). A WINDMILL TOWER that is
supported by GUY WIRES.
F - pylone haubanne
S - torre atirantada
<FIGURE>
10p64.gif (393x393)
GUY WIRE (wind) (impl). A cable that stabilizes a structure
and keeps it in position. For example, wires
attached to a WINDMILL TOWER so that it cannot move or
shake from the force of the wind.
F - hauban
S - retenida de alambre
H
HARNESS (ani). The gear or tackle, other than a YOKE, used
on draft animals to pull a vehicle or drive an implement.
It differs from a yoke, which joins together draft
animals.
F - harnais
S - arnes
<FIGURE>
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HEAD (hydr) (meas). [1] The vertical distance from the
point where water enters an intake to the point where
the water leaves a HYDROPOWER device. It is generally
measured in feet or meters. The product of the head
times the FLOW is a measurement of potential POWER. [2]
The vertical distance a liquid must be pumped from its
source to its point of use or storage.
F - chute d'eau [1]-[2]
S - altura
<FIGURE>
10p66.gif (600x600)
HEADER (sol). The pipe that runs across the top of an
ABSORBER PLATE to gather or distribute HEAT TRANSFER
FLUID from or to the grid pipes that run across the
absorber surface. Some headers run along the bottom of
the absorber plate.
F - entree-sortie
S - tubo colector
HEADRACE
HEADRACE (hydr). A CANAL or conduit that feeds water into
a mill, WATER WHEEL, or TURBINE.
F - bief d'amont
S - canal de llegada
HEAD WATER (hydr). The water upstream of a DAM or a
HYDROPOWER plant.
F - eau d'amont
S - aguas arriba
HEAT CAPACITY (heat) (meas). The amount of heat required
to raise by one degree the temperature of a unit mass of
a substance.
F - capacite thermique
S - capacidad calorifica
HEAT ENERGY (heat). ENERGY in the form of heat.
F - energie thermique
S - energia calorifica
HEAT TRANSFER FLUID
HEAT EXCHANGER (heat) (impl). A device, such as a coiled
copper tube immersed in a tank of water which is used
to transfer heat from one FLUID to another through a
separating wall. A CONDENSER is one type of heat
exchanger.
F - echangeur de chaleur
S - termopermutador
HEAT GAIN (heat). The increase of heat in a space resulting
from DIRECT RADIATION and from the heat given off by
such other sources as THERMAL MASS, a stove, a fireplace,
humans, or animals.
F - apport de chaleur
S - ganancia calorifica
HEATING VALUE (heat) (meas). The amount of heat produced
by the complete combustion of a specific amount of
fuel. This is a measure of FUEL EFFICIENCY.
F - pouvoir calorifique
S - valor calorifico
HEAT LOSS (heat). An unwanted decrease in the amount of
heat contained in a space. Heat is usually lost through
CONVECTION.
F - perte de chaleur
S - perdida calorifica
HEAT PUMP (heat) (impl). A mechanical device that transfers
heat from a heat source to a HEAT SINK. This process
causes the source to cool and the sink to become
warmer.
F - pompe a chaleur
S - bomba calorifica
HEAT RATE TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (heat) (meas). The rate at
which heat is transferred per hour, per unit surface,
per degree of temperature difference.
F - coefficient de transmission de chaleur
S - coeficiente de transferencia del consumo
calorifico
HEAT-REFLECTIVE GLASS (sol). A type of glass designed to
reflect SOLAR RADIATION.
F - verre a pouvoir reflechissant thermique
S - vidrio reflector de calor
HEAT SINK (sol). A body that is capable of accepting and
storing heat. It therefore may also act as a heat
source.
F - puits de chaleur
S - sumidor de calor
HEAT TAX (heat). Referring to the HEAT ENERGY that becomes
unavailable for further use whenever ENERGY is converted
from one form to another.
F - chaleur perdue
S - gravamen calorifico
HEAT TRANSFER FLUID (sol). (See: HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM)
F - fluide caloporteur
S - fluido de termotransferencia
HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM
HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM (sol). The FLUID that is heated in a
SOLAR COLLECTOR for conducting heat to another place or
substance.
F - caloporteur
S - medio de termotransferencia
HELICAL SAIL WINDMILL (wind). The name for a particular
type of HORIZONTAL-AXIS, SAIL ROTOR WINDMILL. It usually
is used for low-lift water pumping.
F - eolienne a ailes helicoidales
S - molino con aspas helicoidales
HELIO-ELECTRICAL PROCESS (sol). A process by which PHOTOVOLTAIC
MODULES convert SOLAR ENERGY into electricity.
F - processus helioelectrique
S - proceso helioelectrico
HELIOSTAT (sol) (impl). A solar-focusing instrument consisting
of a mirror mounted on an AXIS that is moved by
clockwork. The heliostat reflects sunbeams in one direction,
usually to a central ABSORBER located in a TOWER.
F - heliostat
S - heliostato
HELIOTHERMAL (sol). [1] A process that uses SOLAR
RADIATION to produce heat. [2] A device that absorbs
RADIATION on a blackened surface and converts it into
heat.
F - heliothermique
S - heliotermico
HELIOTHERMAL PROCESS (sol). A process by which SOLAR
ENERGY is used to provide THERMAL ENERGY for space
heating, space cooling, and domestic water heating.
F - processus heliothermique
S - proceso heliotermico
HELIOTHERMOMETER (sol) (meas). An instrument that measures
heat from the sun.
F - heliothermometre
S - heliotermometro
HELIOTROPIC (sol) (impl). Turning toward light. It
describes devices that TRACK the sun, following its
movement across the sky.
F - heliotropique
S - heliotropico
HORIZONTAL AIR MILL (wind) (arc). (See: HORIZONTAL-AXIS
WINDMILL)
F - moulin a vent a arbre horizontal
S - molino de aire horizontal
HORIZONTAL AXIS SAIL ROTOR (wind). A WIND MACHINE with
cloth sails in which the WIND SHAFT is situated on a
horizontal plane.
F - eolienne a ailes en toile sur axe horizontal
S - rotor de eje horizontal
HUMUS
HORIZONTAL AXIS WINDMILL (wind). A WINDMILL driven by a
ROTOR on a horizontal WIND SHAFT.
F - eolienne a arbre horizontal
S - molino de eje horizontal
HORIZONTAL WATERMILL (hydr). A WATERMILL driven by a
horizontal wheel mounted on a vertical shaft. (Syn:
Greek Mill; Norse Mill)
F - moulin a eau horizontal
S - molino hidraulico horizontal
HORIZONTAL WATER WHEEL (hydr). (See: HORIZONTAL WATERMILL)
F - roue hydraulique horizontale
S - rueda hidraulica horizontal
HORSEPOWER (gen). A unit of POWER equal to 33,000 FOOT
POUNDS per minute, 550 foot pounds per second, or 746
WATTS.
F - cheval-vapeur
S - potencia util
HOT DRY ROCK (geo) A system for using GEOTHERMAL POWER. A
hole is drilled and the deep rock cracked. This may be
done hydraulically, as is done in conventional oil
fields, or with explosives. Water is injected into the
fractured rock, allowed to heat, and then withdrawn as
steam for use as an ENERGY source.
F - roche chaude et seche
S - roca seca caliente
HOT WATER RESERVOIR (geo). (See: GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR)
F - reservoir d'eau chaude
S - tanque de agua caliente
HOUR ANGLE (sol) (meas). The angular displacement of the
sun east or west of the local meridian due to the rotation
of the Earth on its AXIS at 15 [degrees] per hour (morning
[+] afternoon [-]).
F - angle horaire
S - angulo hora
HUB EXTENSION (wind). A piece of pipe that sticks out from
the front of the hub of a ROTOR on a WINDMILL. It provides
a place to attach GUY WIRES to strengthen the
BLADES or SAILS.
F - rallonge de moyeu
S - extension del cubo
HUMIDIFIER (gen). A mechanical means for increasing the
relative humidity in an enclosed area by injecting water
vapor into the air.
F - humidificateur
S - humidificador
HUMUS (biocon). Well-decomposed organic soil material consisting
of the residues from plant and animal matter
together with the cell substances of soil organisms and
various inorganic materials.
F - humus
S - humus
HYBRID GENERATOR
HYBRID GENERATOR (biocon). A two-stage BIOGAS DIGESTER
design consisting of a larger batch-fed, ACID-producing,
cold phase, and a smaller CONTINUOUS-FEED, METHANE-producing,
heated phase. Alternatively, any digester
that separates acid and methane production.
F - generateur hybride
S - generador hibrido
HYBRID POWER SYSTEM (gen). A system, such as one might
find within a home, that derives its heating, lighting,
and other ENERGY from several interconnected sources.
One or more of these sources generally would come from
RENEWABLE ENERGY.
F - energie heterogene, systeme d'
S - sistema de energia hibrida
HYBRID SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM (sol). A heating or cooling
system that uses both ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING and PASSIVE
SOLAR HEATING methods in its design. At least one of the
system's significant THERMAL ENERGY FLOWS is by natural
means, and at least one is by forced means.
F - energie solaire heterogene, systeme d'
S - sistema de energia solar hibrida
HYDRATE (chem). A solid material resulting from the
combination under pressure of a gas with water.
F - hydrate
S - hidrato
HYDRAULIC RAM (hydr) (impl). A water pump that uses the
ENERGY of descending water to raise a part of the water
to a height greater than that of the source. It requires
no other power than the energy from the descending
water.
F - belier hydraulique
S - ariete hidraulico
<FIGURE>
10p70.gif (600x600)
HYDROXYL
HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME (biocon) (meas). The number of
days an average volume of SLURRY remains in a BIOGAS
DIGESTER.
F - duree de retention hydraulique
S - periodo de retention hidraulica
HYDROELECTRIC (hydr). Relative to a system in which the
potential ENERGY of falling water is harnessed by
releasing it from DAMS or through a PENSTOCK downward
through WATER TURBINES.
F - hydro-electrique
S - hidroelectrico
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE (hydr). The cycle in which water passes
through different states. It begins as atmospheric water
vapor. It then becomes a liquid through precipitation.
Next it flows along the ground surface, where it is useful
as an energy source. Finally, it returns to its
original form through evaporation and transpiration.
F - cycle hydrologique
S - ciclo hidrologico
HYDROLOGY (hydr). The science of water systems on or
beneath the Earth's surface.
F - hydrologie
S - hidrologia
HYDROLYSIS (alc) (chem). The chemical process that breaks
complex organic molecules into simple molecules. For
example, STARCH and CELLULOSE can be hydrolyzed by ACIDS
or ENZYMES to produce simple sugars, which can be FERMENTED
to form ETHANOL.
F - hydrolyse
S - hidrolisis
HYDROMETER (impl) (meas). An instrument used to determine
the density or SPECIFIC GRAVITY of FLUIDS.
F - hydrometre
S - hidrometro
HYDROPOWER (hydr). POWER produced by falling water. The
term is used to identify a type of electricity-generating
station or any energy output in which the main mover
is driven by FLOWing water.
F - puissance hydraulique
S - potencia hidraulica
HYDROPOWER SYSTEM (hydr). A system in which the potential
ENERGY of FLOWing water is used to create electricity or
to mechanically drive machines, by impounding it behind
DAMS and then diverting it through a CHANNEL to a WATER
TURBINE.
F - systeme de puissance hydraulique
S - sistema de potencia hidraulica
<FIGURE>
10p72.gif (600x600)
HYDROXYL (biocon). A monovalent group consisting of a
hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom linked together. Most
BASES contain hydroxyl groups. (See also: BASE)
F - hydroxyle
S - hidroxilo
HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
HYGROMETER
HYGROMETER (impl) (meas) (sol). A device for measuring the
humidity of the air. It is used in designing SOLAR
HEATING and SOLAR COOLING systems.
F - hygrometre
S - higrometro
I
IMPERMEABLE DRY ROCK (geo). Rock systems in GEOTHERMAL
regions where the heat is contained almost entirely in
impermeable rock.
F - roche seche impermeable
S - roca seca impermeable
IMPULSE TURBINE (hydr). A TURBINE driven by high velocity
JETS of water or steam that are produced by forcing the
water or steam through a nozzle.
F - turbine a action
S - turbina de impulsion
<FIGURE>
10p74.gif (486x486)
INCIDENT ANGLE (sol) (hydr). [1] The angle between the
sun's rays and a line perpendicular (normal) to the
irradiated surface. The incident angle determines both
the intensity of the DIRECT RADIATION component striking
the surface and the ability of the surface to reflect,
transmit, or ABSORB the sun's rays. [2] In the case of
HYDROPOWER devices, the angle between the water intake
and a line perpendicular to the BUCKETS.
F - angle d'incidence
S - angulo incidente
INCIDENT RADIATION (sol) (meas). The quantity of RADIANT
ENERGY striking a surface per unit time and unit area.
F - rayonnement incident
S - radiacion de incidencia
INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY
INDIAN-TYPE DIGESTER (biocon). A BIOGAS DIGESTER primarily
designed to produce METHANE. These digesters usually
have FLOATING GAS CAPS.
F - digesteur type indien
S - digestor de tipo indio
<FIGURE>
10p75.gif (486x486)
INDIRECT CONVERSION (sol). The indirect use of SOLAR
ENERGY from such sources as solar-produced winds,
thermal currents in air and water, and wave action.
F - conversion indirecte
S - conversion indirecta
INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY (sol). A system in which SOLAR
ENERGY is COLLECTED and used through mechanical means.
F - energie solaire indirecte
S - energia solar indirecta
INDIRECT SOLAR GAIN
INDIRECT SOLAR GAIN (sol) . A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING system
in which heat is stored between the COLLECTING and the
distributing surfaces (e.g., TROMBE WALL).
F - apport solaire indirect
S - ganancia solar indirecta
INDIRECT SOLAR HEATING (sol). A method of solar heating in
which SOLAR RADIATION is COLLECTED in FLAT PLATE or
CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS that are mounted on a roof, a
wall, or apart from a building. Pumps or fans are used
to circulate HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS through the collectors
and then back to a heat storage medium.
F - chauffage solaire indirect
S - calefaccion solar indirecta
INDUCTION MOTOR (elec) (wind). A common type of motor,
which, when modified slightly and driven by the rotary
action of a WINDMILL or TURBINE, provides ALTERNATING
CURRENT (ac).
F - moteur a induction
S - motor de induccion
INFILTRATION (heat). The unchecked movement of outdoor air
into a building through cracks around windows and doors
or in walls, roofs, and floors. Infiltration generally
refers to cold air during the winter and hot air during
the summer.
F - infiltration
S - infiltracion
INFLUENT (biocon). BIOMASS mixed with water for use in a
BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - affluent
S - influente
INFRARED RADIATION (sol). Electromagnetic RADIATION from
the sun or a warm body that has wavelengths longer than
the red end of the visible spectrum. Infrared radiation
is experienced as heat.
F - radiation infrarouge
S - radiacion infraroja
INOCULATION (biocon). Adding a SEED of ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
to a BIOGAS GENERATOR.
F - inoculation
S - inoculacion
INOCULUM (biocon). A sample of partially DIGESTED SLURRY,
and its associated BACTERIA, that is added at the start
of DIGESTION to a BIOGAS DIGESTER. It provides sufficient
micro-organisms for the digestion process to proceed
at a satisfactory rate. Without this seeding, there
generally is a prolonged wait before a digester begins
producing gas. (Syn: seed)
F - inoculum
S - inoculum
ISOLATED SOLAR GAIN
INSOLATION (sol). The rate at which ENERGY from the sun
reaches the Earth's surface. Insolation generally is
measured in BTU/square feet (meters)/day.
F - insolation
S - insolacion
INSULATED STEAM COOKER (sol). A small, insulated cooking
box in which steam acts as the heating agent. Water
heated to steam by a SOLAR COLLECTOR flows into the box,
condenses, and drips back into the COLLECTOR.
F - rechaud a vapeur isole
S - cocinilla aislada de vapor
INTEGRATED HEATING (sol). A method of SOLAR HEATING in
which SOLAR RADIATION is intercepted and absorbed by a
massive exterior wall or roof pond, which usually
doubles as a heat storage container. Heat flows to the
rooms by CONDUCTION, or natural CONVECTION. This is a
form of PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING.
F - chauffage integre
S - calefaccion solar integrada
INTEGRATED SYSTEM (biocon). A system in which the outputs
of one activity are used as inputs in other related
activities. For example, a BIOGAS system in which the
EFFLUENT is used as a nutrient to enrich an aquaculture
environment. In exchange, BIOMASS from the aquaculture
may be used as INFLUENT to the DIGESTER.
F - systeme integre
S - sistema integrado
INVERTER (elec) (wind). A device that converts DIRECT
CURRENT (dc) to ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac). It often is
used with WIND GENERATORS.
F - onduleur
S - invertidor
IRRIGATION WHEEL (hydr). (See: NORIA)
F - roue hydraulique d'irrigation
S - rueda de irrigacion
ISOLATED SOLAR GAIN (sol). A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING system
in which heat is collected in one area to be used in
another. (See also: SOLAR GREENHOUSE)
F - apport solaire isole
S - ganancia solar aislada
J
JACKET (prod) (impl). An enclosure around a PRODUCER GAS
GENERATOR through which cooling liquid flows. (See also:
WATER JACKET)
F - chemise d'eau
S - cubierta
JET (auto) (hydro). A nozzle of a specific size that
limits the FLOW of water to a TURBINE or the flow of
fuel in a CARBURETOR.
F - gicleur
S - lanza
JET STREAM (wind). Strong winds concentrated in a
relatively narrow, shallow stream in the upper
troposphere.
F - jet-stream
S - manga de aire
JIB SAILS (wind) (arc). Triangular COMMON SAILS, set on
radiating SPARS.
F- clinfoc
S- aspas triangulares
JOULE (meas). A unit of ENERGY or work equal to one WATT
per second or 0.737 foot pounds.
F- Joule
S- Joule
JOULE'S LAW (gen) (heat). The law stating that: [1] The
rate at which heat is produced by a steady current in
any part of an electric circuit is jointly proportional
to the resistance and to the square of the current. [2]
The internal ENERGY of an ideal gas depends only on its
temperature regardless of volume and pressure.
F - loi de Joule
S - ley de Joule
JUMPER (elec). A length of wire, usually with clips on
each end, for making temporary electrical connections.
F - fil volant
S - puente
K
KAPLAN TURBINE (hydr). A propeller-type of WATER TURBINE
with variable pitch BLADES that adjust automatically in
accordance with the HEAD.
F - turbine de Kaplan
S - turbina Kaplan
<FIGURE>
10p79.gif (540x540)
KENAF (biocon). An annual East Indian plant, which may be
used effectively in BIOGAS production.
F - kenaf
S - hibiscus cannabinus
KILN (heat). A high temperature oven, furnace, or heated
enclosure used to process a substance by burning,
firing, or drying. Kilns often are described by the
direction that air passes through them (i.e., UPDRAFT or
DOWNDRAFT).
F - four
S - horno
KILOWATT (elec). A unit of POWER equal to 1,000 WATTS or
to ENERGY consumption at a rate of 1,000 JOULES per
second. It is usually used as a measure of electrical
energy. Commonly abbreviated as kW.
F - kilowatt
S - kilovatios
KILOWATT HOUR
KILOWATT HOUR (elec) (meas). A unit of POWER consumption
equal to the amount of power multiplied by the amount of
time the power is used. A 100-watt light bulb burning
for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour of power.
F - kilowattheure
S - kilovatio-hora
KINETIC ENERGY (gen). The ENERGY that a body possesses by
virtue of its motion.
F - energie cinetique
S - energia cinetica
KNOT (wind). A measure of WIND SPEED equal to one nautical
mile per hour. One knot equals 1.15 miles per hour.
F - noeud
S - nudo
L
LANGLEY (sol) (meas). A unit of SOLAR RADIATION intensity,
equal to 1.0 gram CALORIE per square centimeter.
F - langley
S - langley
LATITUDE (gen) (meas). An angular position north or south
of the equator, measured in degrees along a meridian of
a point.
F - latitude
S - latitud
LEADING EDGE (wind). The vertical edge of a WINDMILL BLADE
that lies on the side towards which the blade moves. The
opposite edge is called the TRAILING EDGE.
F - arete avant
S - borde anterior
LIFE-CYCLE COSTING (gen) (meas). A method for estimating
the comparative costs of ALTERNATIVE ENERGY or other
systems. Life-cycle costing takes into consideration
such long-term costs as ENERGY consumption, maintenance,
and repair.
F - evaluation du cycle de vie
S - calculo del coste de la vida util
LIFT (wind). The aerodynamic force that "pulls" the BLADES
of a WINDMILL and causes them to rotate.
F - portance
S - impulsion
LIFT COEFFICIENT (wind) (meas). The ratio of LIFT forces
to FLOW forces.
F - coefficient de portance
S - coeficiente de impulsion
LIFT-TYPE DEVICES (wind). WIND MACHINES that provide aerodynamic
LIFT in a wind stream.
F - eoliennes a portance
S - aparatos impulsores
LIME (chem). A white powder composed of calcium oxide that
forms a highly ALKALINE solution when mixed with water.
It is used in various ways, including as a means to
increase the pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) of MASH in ALCOHOL
STILLS or BIOGAS DIGESTERS.
F - chaux
S - cal
LIME KILN (chem). A KILN used to make LIME from coral or
limestone.
F - four a chaux
S - horno de cal
LIMEWATER
LIMEWATER (biocon) (chem). A CALCIUM HYDROXIDE solution
often used as a gas SCRUBBER.
F - eau de chaux
S - agua de cal
LINED FIREBOX (gen). A firebox fitted with special insulating
material.
F - chambre de combustion garnie
S - caja de fuego revestida
LIQUID-BASED SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM (sol). A SOLAR HEATING
system in which a liquid HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM is heated
in SOLAR COLLECTORS. The liquid generally is either
water or an antifreeze solution.
F - chauffage solaire a liquide, systeme de
S - sistema de energia solar a base de liquidos
LIQUID SLURRY (biocon). SLURRY comprising less than 10
percent solid material.
F - boue liquide
S - fango liquido
LIQUID-TYPE COLLECTOR (sol). (See: LIQUID-BASED SOLAR
HEATING SYSTEM)
F - capteur a liquide
S - colector de tipo liquido
LIVE CURB (wind) (arc). The circular timber rim or wall
plate supporting a WINDMILL CAP that revolves on ROLLERS
or WHEELS.
F - chemin de roulement
S - soporte movil
LOAD (elec) (meas). The output of one or several electric
machines or transformers. Load also denotes the POWER
carried by a particular circuit.
F - charge
S - carga
LOADING RATE (biocon) (meas). The amount of BIOMASS added
to a DIGESTER over a specific period of time.
F - taux de charge
S - velocidad de carga
LOLLY AXIS (wind). (See: YAW AXIS)
F - axe de lacet
S - eje de relingar
LORENA STOVE (biocon). An inexpensive, yet efficient, cook
stove made of a sand, clay, and water mixture known as
"lorena."
F - cuisiniere lorena
S - estufa lorena
<FIGURE>
10p83.gif (486x486)
LOW HEAD TURBINE (hydr). A WATER TURBINE that is designed
to function with a low HEAD.
F - turbine pour chutes faibles
S - turbina de poco desnivel
LUFF
LUFF (wind). To turn the BLADES of a WINDMILL into the
wind so they will rotate.
F - lofer
S - cenir el viento
M
MAGNESITE BRICK (constr) (sol). A masonry brick to which
magnesium or similar material has been added to darken
the color of the brick and increase its THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
and ABSORPTANCE.
F - brique a la magnesite
S - ladrillo de magnesita
MAGNETO (elec). A small, permanent-magnet, electric
GENERATOR capable of producing periodic high voltage
impulses.
F - magneto
S - magneto
MAGNOUS EFFECT (wind). An effect whereby a spinning CYLINDER
exposed to the wind produces a horizontal force.
This effect has been used to enable experimental WIND
MACHINES to POWER small boats.
F - effet magnus
S - efecto de fuerza horizontal
MALT (alc). Sprouted grain that contains ENZYMES to convert
STARCH to sugar. Special varieties of barley are
frequently used to produce malt.
F - malt
S - malta
MANOMETER (biocon) (meas). A device used to measure gas
pressure. It may be used to monitor gas pressure in a
BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - manometre
S - manometro
MANTLE (biocon) (impl). A cloth MEMBRANE in which gases
are collected and burned to create light through
incandescence.
F - manchon a incandescence
S - manteleta
MARSH GAS (biocon). METHANE. Decaying ORGANIC MATTER at
the bottom of a marsh or pond will produce bubbles of
methane gas when stirred.
F - gaz des marais
S - gas de los pantanos
MASH (alc). A mixture of water and crushed grains or other
FEEDSTOCKS that can be FERMENTED to produce ETHANOL.
F - mout
S - mezcla
MASH COMPOSITION (alc). The materials making up the MASH
in an ALCOHOL STILL.
F - composition du mout
S - malta empastada
METHANE
MASONITE (constr). Trademark name for a thin board made
of compressed wood fibers. It is useful as a backing for
SOLAR REFLECTORS.
F - masonite
S - masonite
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE (hydr) (meas). The maximum amount of
water that can FLOW past a point during a given period
of time. This measurement is used to evaluate the HYDROPOWER
potential of a site.
F - debit maximum
S - velocidad maxima de flujo
MEADOW MILL (hydr). A small, untended WATERMILL used for
drainage.
F - moulinet de campagne
S - molino de pradera
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (gen) (meas). The factor by which a
machine multiplies any applied force.
F - effet mecanique
S - rendimiento mecanico
MECHANICAL TURBULENCE (wind). Erratic air movement caused
by such obstructions as trees or buildings.
F - turbulence mecanique
S - turbulencia mecanica
MEGAWATT (elec) (meas). One million WATTS.
F - megawatt
S - megavatio
MEMBRANE (alc). A sheet polymer or thin biological tissue
capable of separating liquid solutions. Membranes are
sometimes used in the ALCOHOL DISTILLATION process.
F - membrane
S - membrana
MERIDIONAL WIND (wind). The wind or wind component along
the local meridian.
F - vent meridien
S - viento meridional
MESOPHYLLIC BACTERIA (biocon). BACTERIA that thrive best
at temperatures of 70-104 [degrees] F (21-40 [degrees] C) and are useful in
producing BIOGAS.
F - bacteries mesophyliennes
S - bacteria mesofilica
METHANATION (biocon). A process of converting to METHANE
the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide present in synthetic
gas.
F - methanisation
S - metanacion
METHANE (biocon) (chem). An odorless, colorless gas (C[H.sub.4]),
nearly insoluble in water, which burns with a pale,
faintly luminous flame to produce water and carbon
dioxide (or carbon monoxide if oxygen is deficient).
(See also: MARSH GAS) (Syn: BIOGAS)
F - methane
S - metano
METHANE CONVERSION
METHANE CONVERSION (biocon). The production of METHANE
through BIOCONVERSION.
F - conversion du methane
S - conversion de metano
METHANE DIGESTER (biocon). A device that converts BIOMASS
into METHANE and Fertilizer through biological activity.
(See also: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - digesteur au methane
S - digestor de metano
METHANE GAS (biocon) (chem). (See: METHANE)
F - gaz de methane
S - gas de metano
METHANE GENERATION (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - production du methane
S - produccion de metano
METHANE PLANT (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER; METHANE)
F - generateur a methane
S - instalacion de metano
METHANOGENIC BACTERIA (bio) (biocon). BACTERIA that generate
METHANE (i.e., those that are responsible for the
"second step" of DIGESTION). (See also: ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION)
F - bacteries methanogenes
S - bacteria metanogenica
METHANOL (alc). A light, VOLATILE, flammable, poisonous
liquid ALCOHOL (C[H.sub.3]OH) formed in the DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION
of wood or made synthetically. METHANOL is
used especially as a solvent, antifreeze, or DENATURANT
for ETHANOL, and in the synthesis of other chemicals. It
is also used increasingly as a fuel. (Syn: methyl
alcohol or wood alcohol)
F - methanol
S - metanol
METHYL ALCOHOL (alc). (See: METHANOL)
F - alcool methylique
S - alcohol metilico
MICROFLORA MICRO-ORGANISMS (bio) (biocon). The microscopic
organisms, chiefly BACTERIA in this context, that
are responsible for ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
F - micro-organismes de la flore microbienne
S - microorganismos de microflora
MICROHYDRO (hydr). Small-scale, water-powered systems that
may be used to produce mechanical POWER or less than 100
KILOWATTS of electricity. They commonly are used for
homes, farms, or small industries.
F - microcentrales hydrauliques
S - microhidro
<FIGURE>
10p87.gif (600x600)
MIXING TANK
MILL (gen) (hydr) (wind). A device to grind grain and
cereals. Also used colloquially to describe a WINDMILL,
WATER WHEEL, or WATER MILL.
F - moulin
S - molino
MILL RACE (hydr). A CHANNEL that carries water to a WATER
WHEEL.
F - bief de moulin
S - caz
MINIHYDRO (hydr). HYDROPOWER units that produce 100-1000
KILOWATTS.
F - minicentrales hydrauliques
S - minihidro
MINIMUM FLOW RATE (hydr) (meas). The least amount of water
that will FLOW past a given point at any time. This
measurement is used to help evaluate the HYDROPOWER
potential of a site.
F - debit minimum
S - velocidad minime de flujo
MISCIBLE (chem). Capable of being mixed in any proportion.
F - miscible
S - miscible
MIXING TANK (biocon) (impl). A chamber in which BIOMASS is
mixed with water to form SLURRY for a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - reservoir de melange
S - cuba de mezcla
MOLECULAR SIEVE
MOLECULAR SIEVE (alc). A STILL COLUMN that separates
molecules by selectively ADSORPING them on the basis of
size.
F - tamis moleculaire
S - criba por accion molecular
MONOSACCHARIDE (alc). SUGAR derived from STARCH and
CELLULOSE that can be converted to ETHANOL.
F - monosaccharide
S - monosacarido
MOUNTAIN AND VALLEY WINDS (wind). A system of daily winds
prevailing in calm, clear weather along the width of a
valley. The winds blow uphill and upvalley by day and
downhill and downvalley by night.
F - vents des monts et des vallees
S - vientos de las montanas y aldeas
MULTIBLADE WINDMILL (wind). A WINDMILL that has a large
number of BLADES. It generally is used to pump water.
F - eolienne a ailes multiples
S - molino de multiaspas
MULTIVANE WINDMILL (wind). A WINDMILL having more than one
TAIL.
F - eolienne a empennages multiples
S - molino de multiples puntas
N
NACELLE (wind). The portion of a wind electric conversion
machine that houses the electricity generating
equipment.
F - carter
S - barquilla
NATURAL CONVECTION (heat). The natural CONVECTION of heat
through the FLUID in a body that occurs when warm, less
dense fluid rises and cold, dense fluid sinks under the
influence of gravity. (Syn: gravity convection)
F - convection naturelle
S - conveccion natural
NET AREA (sol) (meas). The area of the opening of a SOLAR
COLLECTOR, through which SOLAR RADIATION may pass.
F - fenetre d'entree
S - superficie neta
NET ENERGY CONSUMPTION (gen) (meas). (See: ENERGY
CONSUMPTION)
F - consommation nette d'energie
S - consumo neto de energia
NIGHT SKY RADIATION (sol). A method of cooling through
RADIANT ENERGY exchange. Relatively warm surfaces are
exposed directly to the colder night sky to which they
radiate the heat they collected during the day.
F - rayonnement diffus nocturne
S - radiacion del cielo nocturno
NIGHT SOIL (bio). Human excreta with or without flush
water, which may be used as FEEDSTOCK for a BIOGAS
DIGESTER.
F - vidanges
S - defecaciones humanas
NOCTURNAL RADIATION (sol). (See: NIGHT SKY RADIATION)
F - rayonnement nocturne
S - radiaciones nocturnas
NORIA (hydr) (arc). A vertical WATER WHEEL that is turned
by water current. Containers attached to its rim LIFT
water for irrigation.
F - noria
S - noria
O
OCEAN THERMAL GRADIENTS (oceans). The temperature difference
between deep and surface water in the ocean. These
temperature variations may be used as an ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY SOURCE.
F - gradients de temperature oceaniques
S - termogradientes oceanicos
OCEAN THERMAL POWER (ocean). ENERGY acquired from differences
in temperatures at different depths in the ocean.
F - energie thermique des mers
S - termopotencia oceanica
OCEAN TIDAL POWER (ocean). The production of electricity
by harnessing ocean tidal movements through the use of
adjustable-BLADE WATER TURBINES or other devices.
F - energie maremotrice
S - energia oceanica
OFFSHORE WINDS (wind). Winds blowing seaward from the
coast.
F - vents de terre
S - vientos terrales
OHM'S LAW (elec). The law stating that for any circuit the
electric current is proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance.
F - loi d'ohm
S - ley de ohmio
ONSHORE WINDS (wind). Winds blowing shoreward from the
sea.
F - vents du large
S - vientos del mar
OPERATING FLOW (hydr) (meas). The FLOW rate needed by a
HYDROPOWER device to operate at its rated LOAD level.
F - debit nominal
S - flujo de operacion
ORGANIC MATTER (gen). Materials of animal or vegetable
origin.
F - matieres organiques
S - materia organica
ORGANIC WASTE (bio). Residues derived from living organisms.
Organic wastes may be used as FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS
DIGESTERS. (See also: BIOMASS)
F - dechets organiques
S - desperdicios organicos
OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL
ORIENTATION (sol). The arrangement of windows on a building
or solar device along a given AXIS to face in a
direction best suited to absorb SOLAR RADIATION. This is
an essential element in planning PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
systems for homes and other buildings.
F - exposition
S - orientacion
OSMOSIS (gen). The process by which a solvent is DIFFUSED
through a semipermeable MEMBRANE into a more
CONCENTRATED solution.
F - osmose
S - osmosis
OVERFLOW WEIR (hydr). (See: WEIR)
F - deversoir de trop-plein
S - vertedero de superficie
OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL (hydr). A WATER WHEEL powered by a
HEADRACE that discharges over the outer circumference of
the wheel. (Syn: overshot gravity wheel)
F - roue en dessus
S - rueda hidraulica de admision superior
<FIGURE>
10p91.gif (486x486)
P
PACKED COLUMN (alc). A type of STILL COLUMN or pipe that
is used in ALCOHOL DISTILLATION. It is filled with such
material as metal filings, plastic, or glass beads.
Packed columns increase ALCOHOL yields by providing continuous
redistillation of the ALCOHOL VAPOR as it moves
up the still column.
F - colonne garnie
S - columna compacta
PANEMONE (wind). A VERTICAL-AXIS WIND MACHINE, generally
a DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINE, that can react to winds from
any direction.
F - panemone
S - molino de eje vertical
PARABOLA (sol). The geometrically-curved shape used in the
design of SOLAR COOKERS to focus sunlight on a single
point. A parabola is based on a family of quadratic
curves.
F - parabole
S - parabola
PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COOKER (sol). A SOLAR COOKER that
uses a PARABOLIC DISH to focus sunlight.
F - cuiseur solaire a miroir concave
S - cocina parabolica concentrante
PARABOLIC DISH (sol). A SOLAR ENERGY device shaped like a
dish or bowl, with the characteristics of a PARABOLA. It
focuses sunlight on a point or a very small area.
F - parabolique solaire
S - plato parabolico
PARABOLIC MIRROR (sol). A device with a large, shiny,
curved surface that focuses SOLAR RADIATION on a
specific point, such as a cooking vessel, for heating or
boiling.
F - miroir parabolique
S - espejo parabolico
PASCAL'S LAW (gen). The law stating that pressure applied
to a confined FLUID at any point is transmitted throughout
the fluid in all directions. The pressure acts upon
every part of the confining vessel at right angles to
its interior surfaces, acting equally upon equal areas.
F - loi de Pascal
S - ley de Pascal
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN (sol). An architectural design that
makes use of the structural elements of a building to
heat or cool spaces in the building.
F - systeme solaire passif
S - diseno solar pasivo
PELTON WHEEL
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING (sol). The SOLAR HEATING of a building
by use of architectural design, without the aid of
mechanical equipment.
F - chauffage solaire passif
S - calefaccion solar pasiva
PATENT SAIL (wind) (arc). A SAIL fitted with SHUTTERS
that are controlled automatically.
F - aile a volets
S - aspa patente
PATHOGENIC ORGANISM (bio). (See: PATHOGENS)
F - organisme pathogene
S - organismos patogenicos
PATHOGENS (bio). Harmful micro-organisms, such as BACTERIA
and viruses. Pathogens may be found in human, animal,
and other wastes, and help spread disease.
F - microbes pathogenes
S - patogenos
PEAK WATT (sol) (meas) (elec). Unit used for the performance
rating of PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTERS. A system rated
at one peak watt will deliver one WATT at the specified
working voltage under peak SOLAR IRRADIATION.
F - watt-crete
S - vatio maximo
PEAT (bio) (biocon). Partially decomposed ORGANIC MATTER
formed in marshes and swamps. Dried peat is useful as a
fuel.
F - tourbe
S - turba
PEBBLE BED (sol). A large bin of uniformly-sized pebbles
that is used to store heat in SOLAR HEATING or SOLAR
COOLING systems. A pebble bed is one type of HEAT SINK.
F - lit de galets
S - lecho de gravilla
PEDAL POWER (gen). Mechanical or electrical POWER generated
by the use of a bicycle-gearing apparatus. Pedal
power may be used for buffing, lathing, grinding grain
or meat, operating a potter's wheel, driving a small
GENERATOR, turning a sharpening stone, operating a corn
sheller, and other applications.
F - energie par pedalier
S - potencia generada por pedal
PEDAL-POWER UNIT (impl). (See: PEDAL POWER; DYNAPOD)
F - appareil a entrainement par pedales
S - unidad de potencia-pedal
PELTON WHEEL (hydr). An IMPULSE WATER TURBINE in which the
pressure of the water supply is concentrated through a
few stationary nozzles. The JETS of water strike the
BUCKETS, which are mounted on the RUNNER. Pelton wheels
usually are limited to installations with HEADS that
exceed 500 feet, or about 160 meters. (Syn: Pelton
turbine)
F - roue Pelton
S - rueda Pelton
<FIGURE>
10p94a.gif (486x486)
PENSTOCK
PENSTOCK (hydr). A water conduit from a DAM to a
TURBINE or WATER WHEEL. (See also: CHANNEL)
F - conduite forcee
S - paradera de caz
<FIGURE>
10p94b.gif (486x486)
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
pH (chem) (meas). Potential hydrogen. The symbol that
denotes a measurement of the effective hydrogen ion
CONCENTRATION. On a scale of 0 to 14, 7 represents
neutrality. Numbers less then 7 indicate increasing
ACIDITY. Numbers greater than 7 indicate increasing
ALKALINITY of a solution.
F - pH
S - pH
PHOTOMETER (sol) (meas). A device that measures the
intensity of light.
F - photometre
S - fotometro
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY (sol). A number of PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
that are electrically connected in a series and/or in
parallel so as to provide the desired POWER and
voltage. The modules are mounted on a sturdy framework
that generally faces the equator. The array may be
tailored to the requirements of a particular application
and location. Such an array is valuable because it can
generate electricity from sunlight without the use of
moving mechanical parts.
F - chapelet de photopiles
S - conjunto fotovoltaico
<FIGURE>
10p95.gif (437x437)
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL (sol). A SOLAR ENERGY device that
changes light into electrical ENERGY. The cell is a
small square or circular wafer made of treated SILICON
or other semiconductor material.
F - cellule photovoltaique
S - celula fotovoltaica
PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTER
PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTER (sol). (See: PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
F - convertisseur photovoltaique
S - convertidor fotovoltaico
PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE (sol). The basic building block of a
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY, which consists of a number of
interconnected SOLAR CELLS.
F - module photovoltaique
S - modulo fotovoltaico
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL (sol). (Syn: PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE)
F - panneau photovoltaique
S - panel fotovoltaico
PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS (sol). A process by which light rays
are converted directly into electrical ENERGY.
F - conversion photovoltaique
S - proceso fotovoltaico
PITCH (wind) (meas). The angle between the BLADE surface
and the ANGLE OF ATTACK in a WINDMILL.
F - pas
S - paso
PITCH-BACK WATER WHEEL (hydr). An OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL in
which the trough carrying water to the wheel is modified
to discharge onto the near side of the wheel, thus
reversing the normal direction of rotation.
F - roue hydraulique a jet inverse
S - rueda hidraulica de engranaje
PIT KILN (heat). A KILN made from a hole that is dug in
the ground.
F - four en terre
S - horno de foso
PLUG FLOW GENERATOR (biocon) (impl). A BIOGAS DIGESTER
with no mechanical agitation through which the SLURRY
passes along in more or less discrete "plugs," creating
a cycle of "first in-first out." The EFFLUENT is then
theoretically composed only of older slurry. The plug
flow design differs from traditional designs, in which
all slurry is purposely mixed together in a single pit
or tank.
F - generateur a effet bouchon
S - generador de flujo
POLL ENDS (arc) (wind). (See: CANISTER)
F - bouts de mats
S - puntas
POLYSACCHARIDE (chem). (See: STARCH)
F - polysaccharide
S - polisacarido
POLYURETHANE FOAM (constr). A very lightweight plastic or
other synthetic insulating material.
F - mousse de polyurethanne
S - espuma de poliuretano
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
POLYVINYL ACETATE (chem) (sol). A clear plastic made of
CELLULOSE ACETATE and used as GLAZING on SOLAR
COLLECTORS.
F - acetate de polyvinyle
S - acetato de polivinilo
PONCELET WHEEL (hydr). An UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL made with
curved metal BLADES.
F - roue Poncelet
S - rueda hidraulica Poncelet
<FIGURE>
10p97.gif (437x437)
POST MILL (wind) (arc). This is the earliest type of
European WINDMILL. The body of the windmill is balanced
on a large post and trestle. The entire body revolves to
turn the BLADES into the wind.
F - moulin pivot
S - molino de poste
<FIGURE>
10p98.gif (437x437)
POTENTIAL HYDROGEN (chem) (meas). (See: pH)
F - potentiel d'hydrogene
S - potencial de hidrogeno
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (meas). A measurement of gas pressure.
Commonly abbreviated as psi.
F - livres par pouce carre
S - libras/[pulgada.sup.2]
POWER
POWER (gen). The rate at which ENERGY is consumed or
produced.
F - puissance
S - potencia
POWER COEFFICIENT (wind) (meas). The ratio of the POWER
extracted by a WIND MACHINE ROTOR to the power available
in a wind stream.
F - coefficient de puissance
S - coeficiente de potencia
POWER DENSITY (wind) (meas). The amount of POWER per unit
of a cross-sectional area of a wind stream.
F - puissance volumique
S - densidad de potencia
PRODUCER GAS
PRECULTURE (alc). A method for reducing the time and
increasing the EFFICIENCY of FERMENTATION. The preculture
process involves CONCENTRATING the ALCOHOL-producing
YEAST before introducing it into the FERMENTATION
TANK.
F - preculture
S - precultivo
PREPARED ORGANIC WASTE (biocon). BIOMASS mixed with water
for use in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. (Syn: SLURRY)
F - dechets organiques prepares
S - desperdicio organico preparado
PREVAILING WIND (wind). The direction from which the wind
blows most often. This is an important consideration in
selecting a site for a WINDMILL.
F - vent dominant
S - viento dominante
PRODUCER GAS (prod). A combination of COMBUSTIBLE GASES
created through the combustion of wood or coal in a
controlled-air environment. Producer gas may be used to
drive gasoline or diesel engines.
F - gaz de gazogene
S - gas pobre
PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR
PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR (gen). A furnace in which COMBUSTIBLE
GASES are produced for use as a fuel.
F - gazogene
S - generador de gas pobre
<FIGURE>
10p99.gif (486x486)
PROOF (alc) (meas). A unit measurement of the strength of
ALCOHOL. The proof is twice the percentage of the alcohol
in the liquid. Alcohol that is 90 proof contains 45
percent alcohol. (See also: PROOF-GALLON)
F - degre en alcool
S - graduacion normal
PROOF-GALLON (alc) (meas). A standard U.S. gallon of a
mixture that is 50 percent ALCOHOL and 50 percent water
(i.e., that is 100 proof). An alcohol/water mixture that
contains a different ratio of each may be translated
into proof-gallons by moving the decimal point of the
proof two places to the left and multiplying by the
total number of gallons of the mixture.
F - proof-gallon
S - proof-gallon
PSI (meas). Abbreviation for POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH.
F - psi
S - lb/[pulg.sup.2]
PYRANOMETER (meas) (sol). A device that measures total
GLOBAL RADIATION.
F - pyranometre
S - piranometro
PYROHELIOMETER (meas) (sol). An instrument that measures
SOLAR RADIATION from the sun, or from a small portion of
the sky that surrounds the sun.
F - pyroheliometre
S - piroheliometro
PYROLYSIS (chem). The DECOMPOSITION of a substance
subjected to very high heat.
F - pyrolyse
S - pirolisis
Q
QUAD (meas). One quadrillion BTUs. It is expressed as
either [10.sup.15] or 1,000,000,000,000,000 BTus. A quad is
used to measure any large unit of energy such as wood,
gasoline, coal, etc. For example, a quad can be used to
describe the amount of THERMAL ENERGY that is potentially
available from burning a certain acreage of trees in
WOODSTOVES.
F - quad
S - cuad
QUARTERING (wind). The action of turning a WINDMILL broadside
to the WIND.
F - larguage
S - venteo
R
RACE (hydr). An AQUEDUCT or CHANNEL that carries water to
and from the place where it is used to drive a HYDROPOWER
device.
F - chenal
S - canal de trabajo
RADIAL FLOW (hydr). A type of HYDROPOWER device in which
the water flows out radially from the power shaft. (See
also: FRANCIS TURBINE)
F - ecoulement radial
S - flujo radial
RADIANT ENERGY (sol). ENERGY in the form of electromagnetic
waves that travels outward in all directions from
its source.
F - energie rayonnante
S - energia radiante
RADIANT PANELS (sol). SOLAR COLLECTORS with integral passages
for the FLOW of HEAT TRANSFER FLUID. Heat from the
fluid is conducted into a room or building by THERMAL
RADIATION.
F - panneaux rayonnants
S - paneles radiantes
RADIATION (sol). Electromagnetic waves that directly
transport ENERGY through space. Sunlight is a form of
radiation.
F - rayonnement
S - radiacion
RATED POWER CAPACITY (wind) (meas). The expected POWER
output of a WIND MACHINE. It is equal to either the
maximum power of the machine or to an output at some
WIND SPEED less than the maximum speed, but at which
GOVERNING controls start to reduce the power.
F - puissance nominale
S - capacidad de potencia tasada
RATED WIND SPEED (meas) (wind). The WIND SPEED at which a
WIND MACHINE delivers its RATED POWER CAPACITY.
F - vitesse nominale du vent
S - velocidad eolica tasada
RATE LIMITING STEP (biocon). Whichever stage in the ANAERIOBIC
process that is slowest. Since each step
in the digestion process requires the preceeding one to
be completed before it can begin, the overall gas production
rate is limited by the slowest step.
F - stage limitant la cadence
S - etapa de velocidad limitadora
RECTIFIER
RAW SLUDGE (biocon). Fresh, undried, uncomposted EFFLUENT
from a DIGESTER. Also residue in the same condition from
the bottom of a digester.
F - boues brutes
S - cienos sin tratar
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION (wind). Standard WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION
that is useful in wind site analysis. It is a
probability density function that allows one to model
the wind speed distribution based on a single input
parameter. (See also: WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION)
F - distribution de Rayleigh
S - distribucion de Rayleigh
REACTION TURBINE (hydr). A WATER TURBINE that uses the
mass or weight of water hitting the RUNNER as opposed to
being driven by the velocity of the water.
F - turbine a reaction
S - turbina a reaccion
REACTION WATER WHEEL (hydr). A WATER WHEEL that uses the
mass or weight of water falling onto it rather than the
FLOW.
F - roue hydraulique a reaction
S - rueda hidraulica reactiva
RECIPROCATING ENGINE (hydr). A device that converts the
potential ENERGY in a FLUID to mechanical energy by
expanding the FLUID against a piston.
F - moteur a pistons
S - maquina alternativa
RECIPROCATING PUMP (wind). A type of water pump commonly
used with WINDMILLS. Motion and pressure are applied to
the water by a piston moving up and down in a CYLINDER.
The piston is powered by the WINDMILL.
F - pompe alternative
S - bomba aspirante e impelente
RECLAIMED OIL (heat). (See: USED OIL)
F - huile de recuperation
S - aceite recuperado
RECOVERED ENERGY (gen). Heat or other ENERGY that normally
would be lost during a process, but instead is captured
and reused. For example, FLUE gases may be used for
drying purposes.
F - energie recuperee
S - energia recobrada
RECTIFIER [1] (alc) (impl). A second column on an ALCOHOL
STILL that is used to further remove water from the
ALCOHOL VAPOR, thus increasing the PROOF of the alcohol.
This increase in CONCENTRATION is achieved by the
repeated interaction of the rising vapor with the liquid
DISTILLATE. [2] (elec). A device that converts ALTERNATING
CURRENT (ac) into DIRECT CURRENT (dc).
F - [1] colonne de rectification; [2] redresseur
S - [1] rectificadora; [2] rectificador
RECTIFYING COLUMN
RECTIFYING COLUMN (alc) (impl). [See: RECTIFIER (alc)]
F - colonne de rectification
S - columna de rectificar
REDUCING SUGAR (alc). (See: MONOSACCHARIDE)
F - sucre reducteur
S - azucar reductora
REEFING (wind). Rolling and tying down a portion of a
WINDMILL SAIL to reduce the area exposed to the wind.
F - prendre les ris
S - recoger las velas
REFLECTANCE (sol). The ratio of RADIATION reflected from a
surface to that incident on the surface. [See also:
REFLECTIVITY (2)].
F - facteur de reflexion
S - reflectancia
REFLECTED RADIATION (sol). SOLAR RADIATION that has been
reflected from such surfaces as the ground or buildings,
and which ultimately becomes INCIDENT RADIATION.
F - rayonnement reflechi
S - radiacion reflejada
REFLECTIVITY (sol) (meas). [1] The ability to reflect
SOLAR RADIATION, which is possessed to some degree by
all materials. It is called the ALBEDO in atmospheric
references. [2] The ratio of RADIANT ENERGY reflected by
a body to that falling upon it.
F - pouvoir reflecteur
S - reflectividad
REFLECTOMETER (sol) (meas). A PHOTOMETER or other electronic
device that measures REFLECTANCE or RADIANT
ENERGY.
F - reflectometre
S - reflectometro
REFLECTOR (sol). A device that can be used to reflect and
focus SOLAR RADIATION.
F - reflecteur
S - reflector
REFLECTOR BACKING (sol). The material used on the rear
part of a SOLAR REFLECTOR. (See also: MASONITE)
F - renfort de reflecteur
S - revestimiento reflector
REFLECTOR COOKER (sol). (See: REFLECTOR-TYPE SOLAR COOKER)
F - cuiseur a reflecteur
S - hornillo reflector
RETURN TIME
REFLECTOR-TYPE SOLAR COOKER (sol). A SOLAR COOKER in which
a REFLECTOR concentrates the sun's rays on a cooking
device.
F - cuiseur solaire a reflecteur
S - hornillo solar reflector
REFLUX (alc). Liquid ALCOHOL that is condensed in a
DISTILLATION COLUMN, and then reintroduced into the
column to increase its CONCENTRATION.
F - reflux
S - reflujo
REFRIGERANT (refrig). A VOLATILE substance that can be
used as a working FLUID in a cooling system.
F - refrigerant
S - refrigerante
REFRIGERATION (refrig). The act or process of making or
keeping something cool or cold. It especially applies to
the use of artificial means for cooling.
F - refrigeration
S - refrigeracion
RENEWABLE ENERGY (gen). ENERGY produced from regenerative
or virtually inexhaustible resources such as BIOMASS,
SOLAR RADIATION, the wind, water, or heat from the
Earth's interior.
F - energie renouvelable
S - energia renovable
RENEWABLE RESOURCES (gen). (See: RENEWABLE ENERGY)
F - ressources renouvelables
S - recursos renovables
RESISTANCE VALUE (constr) (meas). A rating of a substance's
thermal resistance to summer HEAT GAIN or
winter heat loss. It is used as a measure of insulation
efficiency. (Syn: R-VALUE) (See also: U-VALUE)
F - resistance thermique
S - valor de resistencia
RETORT (alc) (gen). [1] A vessel in which substances are
subjected to heat for the purpose of DISTILLATION or
DECOMPOSITION. A retort is distinguished from a STILL in
that it is more often used for the treatment of solid or
semisolid substances. [2] A closed container used in
CHARCOAL production in which COMBUSTIBLE GASES are
captured and made into liquids, generally through
CONDENSATION.
F - cornue
S - retorta
RETROFITTING (sol). The installation of SOLAR HEATING or
SOLAR COOLING systems in existing structures.
F - readaptation
S - modificacion retroactiva
RETURN TIME (wind) (meas). The length of time during which
low winds prevent a WINDMILL from reaching its CUT-IN
SPEED or START-UP SPEED. The "down time" or time period
when the wind is too low to enable a WINDMILL to reach
its cut-in speed or start-up speed.
F - temps mort
S - tiempo de restablecimiento
REYNOLDS' NUMBER
REYNOLDS' NUMBER (meas) (sol) (wind). The ratio of
material forces to VISCOUS forces in any FLUID FLOW. The
Reynolds' number is determined through the following
equation: (PVD)/U where:
P (rho) = density
V = velocity
D = length of flow distance
U (mu) = viscosity.
F - nombre de Reynolds
S - numero de Reynolds
RICE HUSK STOVE (biocon). A stove designed to use rice
husks as its primary fuel.
F - poele a paille de riz
S - estufa de cascaras de arroz
RIGGING (wind) (impl). Collectively, all the ropes and
cords used to support the mast of the WINDMILL, and to
FURL or unfurl the SAILS.
F - haubanage
S - cordaje
RIPARIAN RIGHTS (hydr). The right of a landowner to the
water on or bordering his or her property, including the
right to prevent diversion or misuse of upstream water.
F - droits de riverainete
S - derechos riberenos
RISER (alc). A tube that penetrates a plate in a STILL
COLUMN, allowing ALCOHOL VAPORS to move up the column. A
perforated cap or cup is placed on top of each riser to
distribute the vapor into the column section and to
prevent water from dripping into the riser.
F - colonne montante
S - tubo de subida
RIVER GENERATOR (elec) (hydr). A HYDROELECTRIC GENERATOR
that gets its power from a river or other FLOWING water.
F - generateur riverain
S - generador fluvial
ROCKBED (sol). A heat storage container filled with rocks
or pebbles that is used in SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING
systems.
F - lit de pierres
S - fondo de roca
ROCKBED COOLING SYSTEM (sol). A passive air-conditioning
system that circulates a building's air through a bed of
rocks that has cooled during the night or early morning.
F - refroidissement par lit de pierres, systeme de
S - sistema de enfriamiento con lecho de roca
R-VALUE
ROCKER ARM (wind) (impl). A support mechanism that rotates
on a shaft at one end while moving up and down at the
other. It is used to convert the rotating motion of a
WINDMILL to an up-and-down motion, usually for pumping.
F - culbuteur
S - balancin
ROLLER REEFING SAIL (wind) (arc). A ROTOR BLADE that is
fitted with canvas strips (SAILS) wound on ROLLERS. The
rollers are used for REEFING the sails.
F - aile a rouleaux de prise de ris
S - aspa con rodillos
ROLLERS (wind) (arc). BEARINGS between the CURB and the
CAP of a TOWER MILL or SMOCK MILL. The rollers allow the
top of the MILL to turn into the wind.
F - rouleaux
S - rodillos
ROTOR (wind). The assembly of SAILS or BLADES that rotate
about an AXIS created by the WIND SHAFT of a WINDMILL.
F - rotor
S - rotor
ROTOR SHAFT (wind). (See: WIND SHAFT)
F - arbre de rotor
S - eje del rotor
RUNG (hydr) (wind). [1] The BLADES of a WATER WHEEL. [2]
The transverse iron rods that hold the SAIL CLOTHS in a
WINDMILL.
F - [1] palette; [2] barreau
S - paleta
RUNNER (hydr). The TURBINE wheel.
F - roue de turbine
S - rueda movil
<FIGURE>
10p107.gif (486x486)
R-VALUE (meas). (See: RESISTANCE VALUE)
F - resistance thermique
S - valor R
S
SACCHARIFICATION (alc). A conversion process using ACIDS,
BASES, or ENZYMES in which CARBOHYDRATES are broken down
into FERMENTABLE SUGARS. (See also: FERMENTATION)
F - saccharification
S - sacarificacion
SAIL (wind). A piece of cloth attached between each of the
SPARS of a WINDMILL for the purpose of catching the
wind. Also used to define windmill sails collectively.
F - aile
S - vela
SAIL BACK (wind) (arc). A single SPAR that replaces the
STOCK and WHIP in WINDMILLS that are fitted with iron
crosses instead of POLL ENDS.
F - bras d'aile
S - barra del aspa
SAILCLOTH (wind). Very strong cotton or canvas that may
be used for SAILS on WINDMILLS.
F - toile a voile
S - lona
SAILWING WINDMILL (wind). A WINDMILL that has a small
number of cloth SAILS. Sailwing windmills are usually
simple designs, and are most commonly used for water
pumping.
F - moulin a volants
S - molino de viento con vela de lona
SALT (chem). A product formed by the neutralization of
an ACID by a BASE.
F - sel
S - sal
SANITATION/DIGESTER SYSTEM (biocon). A BIOGAS system that
combines METHANE production with facilities to dispose
of human excreta. This also is an effective way to
eliminate dangerous PATHOGENS.
F - systeme sanitaire/digesteur
S - sistema de saneamiento/digestor
SAVONIUS ROTOR (wind). A WIND MACHINE with a VERTICAL
AXIS, often made from split oil drums. It is a DRAG-TYPE
device with relatively low EFFICIENCY, but with
high starting TORQUE.
F - rotor de Savonius
S - rotor Savonius
<FIGURE>
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SCOOP WHEEL
SAWDUST STOVE (biocon). A stove designed to use sawdust as
its primary fuel.
F - poele a sciure de bois
S - estufa de aserrin
<FIGURE>
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SCOOP WHEEL (wind) (arc). A vertical, cast-iron wheel with
wooden BLADES or scoops that lift water from one level
to another. Scoop wheels usually are driven by
WINDMILLS.
F - roue a godets
S - rueda de cangilones
SCRUBBING
SCRUBBING (biocon). [1] Removing unwanted gases from
BIOGAS or PRODUCER GAS. [2] The process of removing an
undesirable, and usually corrosive, component or components
from a COMBUSTIBLE GAS mixture. This is done by
passing the mixture upwards and counter to a stream of
liquid that is capable of selectively ADSORBING the
undesirable components. Gases can also be scrubbed by
passing them through iron filings.
F - epuration
S - proceso de lavado
SHADING COEFFICIENT
SCUM (biocon). In BIOGAS DIGESTION, a mixture of coarse,
fibrous material floating on the surface of the SLURRY.
The accumulation of scum may inhibit METHANE production.
F - ecume
S - nata espumosa
SCUM CONTROL DEVICE (biocon) (impl). A mechanism, usually
some type of STIRRING device, that is used to break up
the layer of SCUM that rises to the surface in a BIOGAS
DIGESTER.
F - dispositif pour le controle de l'ecume
S - aparato controlador de la nata
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (gen). The law stating that
ENERGY FLOWS from a higher CONCENTRATION to a lower
concentration.
F - seconde loi de la thermodynamique
S - segunda ley termodinamica
SEED (biocon). (See: INOCULUM)
F - germe
S - semilla
SELECTIVE SURFACE (sol). A specially adapted surface coating
for a COLLECTOR that has high SOLAR RADIATION
ABSORPTANCE and low THERMAL EMITTANCE. It is used on the
surface of ABSORBER PLATES to increase collector
EFFICIENCY.
F - vitrage selectif
S - superficie selectiva
SELF-SUPPORTING TOWER (wind). A TOWER, usually made of
steel, which supports a WINDMILL without the use of GUY
WIRES.
F - pylone autoporteur
S - torre autoportante
SENSIBLE HEAT (heat). That heat, which, when added or
subtracted, results only in a temperature change (as
opposed to a chemical or other reaction).
F - chaleur sensible
S - calefaccion termosensible
SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE (heat). A heat storage medium in
which the addition or removal of heat results only in a
temperature change (as opposed to a chemical or other
reaction). The storage medium often consists of water or
gravel.
F - stockage de chaleur sensible
S - almacenaje termosensible
SHADING COEFFICIENT (sol) (meas). A method for determining
reductions in solar HEAT GAIN caused by certain kinds of
GLAZING. It is determined by dividing the solar heat
gain through a sheet of glazing under specific conditions
by the solar gain through a single-color DOUBLE-GLAZING
under the same conditions. The lower the number,
the greater the reduction in solar heat gain.
F - coefficient de vitrage
S - coeficiente de sombra
SHEAR
SHEAR (wind). Variations in horizontal WIND SPEED due to
the distance of the wind from the ground. The higher
the wind is above the ground, the faster it moves
because of the reduced friction.
F - cisaillement
S - gradiente transversal de la velocidad del viento
SHOT CURB (wind) (arc). (See: LIVE CURB)
F - chemin de roulement
S - reborde movil
SHROUD (wind) (arc) (hydr). [1] A structure used to concentrate
or deflect a stream of wind. [2] A deep rim
partially enclosing the BUCKETS in OVERSHOT WATER WHEELS
or BREAST WHEELS.
F - [1] carenage; [2] bache
S - refuerzo
SHROUDED WINDMILL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL with a funnel-like
structure around the outside edge of the SWEPT AREA
that forces wind from a larger area to pass through the
BLADES.
F - eolienne carenee
S - molino de viento reforzado
SHUTTERS (wind) (arc). Pivoting slats that are used
instead of SAILCLOTH in SPRING SAILS and PATENT SAILS.
F - volets
S - hojas basculantes
SIEVE PLATE (alc). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL
COLUMN. It is one of a series of perforated plates that
is used to promote the contact of liquid with vapor in
the column.
F - plateau perfore
S - placa perforada
SILICON SOLAR CELL (sol). A SOLAR CELL made with the
crystalline element SILICON as part of its conductor.
F - cellule solaire a la silicone
S - celula solar de silicio
SILVICULTURAL BIOMASS (biocon). BIOMASS from trees.
F - biomasse de sylviculture
S - biomasa de silvicultura
SINGLE-AXIS TRACKING COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR
that follows the path of the sun on only one AXIS.
F - capteur a poursuite du soleil autour d'un seul axe
S - colector de seguimiento monoaxial
SINGLE SHUTTERED (wind) (arc). A SAIL having SHUTTERS on
only one side of the WHIP.
F - a obturation simple
S - aspa de monohoja
SMOCK MILL
SITE SELECTION (gen). The process of locating the best
available site to build or place a WlND MACHINE,
HYDROPOWER device, or SOLAR POWER device.
F - choix du site
S - seleccion del emplazamiento
SKY DOME (sol). The sky above the horizon in all
directions, as seen from a particular area.
F - dome du ciel
S - domo aereo
SKYLIGHT (sol). A roof opening that is covered with
GLAZING and that allows sunlight to enter a house or
room.
F - lucarne
S - tragaluz
SKYSCRAPERS (wind) (arc). (See: AIR BRAKES)
F - freins a vent
S - rascacielos
SLOPE (hydr) (meas). A CHANNEL FLOW calculation equal to
the number of feet a surface "drops" or inclines
downward per 1,000 feet of horizontal distance; also
expressed in meters of drop per kilometer.
F - pente
S - pendiente
SLUDGE (biocon). Solid material that collects at the
bottom of a DIGESTER.
F - boues
S - sedimentos
SLUDGE GAS (biocon). An alternative name used for BIOGAS,
particularly when the gas is produced by sewage.
F - gaz de vidange
S - gas de lodo
SLUICE (hydr). A manmade CHANNEL or waterway to conduct
water to a HYDROPOWER device. It generally has one or
more adjustable gates to regulate the FLOW of water.
F - canal a vannes
S - esclusa
SLUICEWAY (hydr). (See: SLUICE)
F - chenal d'ecluse
S - saetin
SLURRY (biocon). The semisolid material in a BIOGAS
DIGESTER consisting of BIOMASS mixed with water.
F - boue
S - fango
SMOCK MILL (wind) (arc). The timber-framed counterpart to
the TOWER MILL. The smock mill frame generally is
covered with boarding to protect it from the weather.
F - moulin a calotte pivotante
S - molino a la holandesa
SMOKE CHAMBER
SMOKE CHAMBER (heat). The section in a fireplace FLUE that
is directly above the DAMPER.
F - conduite de fumee
S - camara de humo
SODIUM CARBONATE (biocon). A BASE used to control pH
(POTENTIAL HYDROGEN). It is useful in maintaining the pH
balance in a BIOGAS DIGESTER, and to a somewhat lesser
degree in ALCOHOL STILLS.
F - carbonate de sodium
S - carbonato de sodio
SOLAR ABSORBER (sol). A sheet of material, usually copper,
aluminum, or steel that forms the surface of a SOLAR
COLLECTOR. It collects and retains SOLAR RADIATION,
which is passed to a HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.
F - absorbeur solaire
S - absorbente solar
SOLAR ABSORPTION (sol). The absorption of SOLAR RADIATION
by a material.
F - absorption solaire
S - absorcion solar
SOLAR ALTITUDE (sol). The sun's angle above the horizon,
as measured in a vertical plane.
F- hauteur du soleil
S- altura solar
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE (sol). (See: PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN)
F - architecture solaire
S - arquitectura solar
SOLAR ARRAY (sol). A group of SOLAR COLLECTORS or
PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES.
F - panneau solaire
S - conjunto solar
SOLAR AZIMUTH (sol). The horizontal angle between the sun
and due south in the northern hemisphere, or between the
sun and due north in the southern hemisphere. (Syn:
bearing angle)
F - azimut du soleil
S - azimut solar
SOLAR BATTERY (sol). A BATTERY that is charged through
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.
F - pile solaire
S - bateria solar
SOLAR CABINET DRYER (sol). (See: SOLAR CROP DRYER)
F - chambre de sechage solaire
S - secador solar de gabinete
SOLAR CELL (sol). (See: PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
F - cellule solaire
S - celula solar
SOLAR DECLINATION
SOLAR COATING (sol). FLAT BLACK PAINT or some other
ABSORPTIVE substance that is applied to the ABSORBER
PLATE of a SOLAR COLLECTOR to help it absorb, rather
than reflect, sunlight.
F - couche antireflet
S - revestimiento solar
SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol). A device that gathers and accumulates
SOLAR RADIATION to produce heat. Nearly all solar
collectors have a layer of GLAZING on top to trap heat
that has passed into the collector. Beneath the glazing
is a solar ABSORBER PLATE, which transfers heat to a
HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM. The medium may be air, water, an
antifreeze solution, or other substance(s).
F - capteur solaire
S - colector de radiacion solar
SOLAR COLLECTOR CONNECTIONS (sol). Inlets and outlets
leading to and from SOLAR COLLECTORS and connecting the
collectors with related apparatus. In the case of water
tanks that run water through collectors, there will be
an outlet near the bottom of the tank and an inlet near
the top of the tank. Likewise, there will be an inlet
near the bottom of the collector and an outlet near the
top of the collector.
F - raccordements pour capteurs
S - conexiones del colector solar
SOLAR COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY (sol) (meas). The total SOLAR
RADIATION that is incident on a COLLECTOR during a
specific time period.
F - rendement radiatif
S - rendimiento del colector solar
SOLAR CONCENTRATOR (sol). The part of a SOLAR COLLECTOR
that focuses sunlight onto an ABSORBER surface.
F - concentrateur solaire
S - concentrador solar
SOLAR COOKER (sol). A general term for the many types of
SOLAR-POWERED cooking devices.
F - cuiseur solaire
S - cocina por calor solar
SOLAR COOLING (sol). A SOLAR SYSTEM used to lower the
temperature in a room or a device.
F - refroidissement solaire
S - enfriamiento solar
SOLAR CROP DRYER (sol). An apparatus that uses SOLAR
RADIATION to dry rice, grain, fruit, vegetables, or
other foods.
F - sechoir solaire pour recoltes
S - secador solar para alimentos
SOLAR CROP DRYER (sol). An apparatus that uses SOLAR
RADIATION to dry rice, grain, fruit, vegetables, or
other foods.
F - sechoir solaire pour recoltes
S - secador solar para alimentos
SOLAR DECLINATION (sol). The angle of the sun north or
south of the equatorial plane. It is plus if north of
the plane, and minus if south of the plane.
F - declinaison solaire
S - declinacion solar
SOLAR DISH
SOLAR DISH (sol). (See: PARABOLIC DISH)
F - miroir solaire
S - reflector parabolico
SOLAR DISTILLATE (sol). The product resulting from SOLAR
DISTILLATION.
F - distillat solaire
S - destilado solar
SOLAR DISTILLATION (sol). A process in which SOLAR ENERGY
is trapped and used to evaporate impure or salty water.
The water vapor CONDENSES as distilled water that can be
used for drinking or for other uses.
F - distillation solaire
S - destilacion solar
SOLAR DRYER (sol). Any device that uses SOLAR RADIATION to
remove moisture from a substance. (See also: SOLAR CROP
DRYER)
F - sechoir solaire
S - secador solar
SOLAR DRYING (sol). (See: SOLAR DRYER)
F - sechage par energie solaire
S - secado por energia solar
SOLAR ELECTRICITY (sol). Electricity that is produced from
SOLAR ENERGY sources. (See also: PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS;
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
F - electricite solaire
S - electricidad solar
SOLAR ENERGY (sol). The electromagnetic RADIATION generated
by the sun. Solar energy may be converted to useful
forms of ENERGY through the PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS, THERMAL
CONVERSION, or through high temperature concentrators
and COLLECTORS. Solar energy initially is usually
captured in the form of heat, and is therefore best used
for a variety of heating purposes. This may be done
through the use of SOLAR COLLECTORS and SOLAR COOKERS.
SOLAR RADIATION may also be converted directly into
electrical energy through the use of PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.
F - energie solaire
S - energia solar
SOLAR EYEBALL (sol). A type of SOLAR CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR
that uses a FRESNEL LENS to focus SOLAR RADIATION
on a PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL.
F - bulbe solaire
S - foco solar
SOLAR FURNACE (sol). A SOLAR CONCENTRATOR used to produce
very high temperatures. Also a solar device used to
obtain high temperatures by focusing the sun's rays onto
a small receiver.
F - four solaire
S - horno solar
SOLAR IRRADIANCE
SOLAR GAIN (sol). The part of a building's heat supply, or
an additional load for cooling, that is provided by
SOLAR RADIATION that strikes the building or passes into
it through windows.
it through windows.
F - apport solaire
S - ganancia por la energia solar
SOLAR GRAIN DRYER (sol). (See: SOLAR CROP DRYER)
F - sechoir solaire pour cereales
S - secador solar de granos
SOLAR GREENHOUSE (sol). Specific greenhouse designs that
take into account basic principles of PASSIVE SOLAR
HEATING. Increasingly, solar greenhouses are being
attached to dwellings. Excess heat from the greenhouse
passes into the dwelling through air CONVECTION and
THERMAL CONDUCTANCE from a mutual wall.
F - serre solaire
S - invernadero solar
<FIGURE>
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SOLAR HEATING (sol). The use of a SOLAR SYSTEM to raise
the temperature in a room or a device.
F - chauffage solaire
S - calefaccion solar
SOLAR IRRADIANCE (sol). The total amount of SOLAR
RADIATION striking a given area.
F - irradiation solaire
S - irradiancia solar
SOLAR OVER
SOLAR OVEN (sol). An oven that relies on SOLAR RADIATION
as its source of ENERGY.
F - four solaire
S - horno solar
SOLAR POND (sol). A shallow body of salt water with a
black or dark bottom. When incident SOLAR RADIATION
penetrates the water, some of it is absorbed by the
water. However, a large proportion of the radiation
reaches the bottom of the pond. There it is absorbed,
heating the bottom surface. The bottom surface in turn
heats the water next to it, which then can be used as an
ENERGY source through the use of HEAT EXCHANGERS. The
pond's salinity should increase with its depth.
F - bassin solaire
S - charca solar
SOLAR POSITION (sol). The location of the sun in the sky
during the EQUINOXES, based on the latitude of the
observer. Solar position is determined by the value of
the SOLAR ALTITUDE and the SOLAR AZIMUTH.
F - position du soleil
S - posicion solar
SOLAR POWER (sol). The rate at which SOLAR ENERGY falls on
an area. The area is usually given in terms of the whole
Earth.
F - puissance solaire
S - potencia solar
SOLAR PUMP (sol). A pump that operates on SOLAR ENERGY,
either by a PHOTOVOLTAIC process or by a thermal system
in which a FLUID heated by the sun drives a TURBINE or
piston that powers the pump.
F - pompe solaire
S - bomba solar
SOLAR RADIATION (sol). RADIANT ENERGY received from the
sun, from both direct exposure and diffuse or reflected
sunlight.
F - rayonnement solaire
S - radiacion solar
SOLAR REFLECTOR (sol). A device that reflects SOLAR
RADIATION.
F - reflecteur solaire
S - reflector solar
SOLAR REFRIGERATION (sol). A process in which SOLAR
RADIATION is used to provide HEAT ENERGY to activate a
cooling process.
F - refrigeration solaire
S - refrigeracion solar
SOLAR SALT (sol). SALT obtained by SOLAR DISTILLATION of
salt water.
F - sel solaire
S - sal solar
SOLAR SYSTEM
SOLAR SHOWER (sol). A shower bath that uses a SOLAR WATER
HEATER to provide hot water.
F - douche solaire
S - ducha solar
SOLAR SITE SELECTOR (sol) (meas). A circular transparency,
similar to a map, that is used to determine solar positions
and calculate shading.
F - dispositif de selection de l'emplacement solaire
S - selector del emplazamiento solar
SOLAR SPACE HEATER (sol). A SOLAR HEATING system that
heats FLUID on a black metal surface that is under
GLAZING. The heated fluid may be circulated during the
day and stored at night.
F - appareil de chauffage solaire individuel
S - calentador espacial solar
SOLAR SPECTRUM (sol). The total distribution of electromagnetic
RADIATION emitted from the sun. It is usually
listed minus those wavelengths that are absorbed by the
atmosphere. On Earth, this amounts to about 420 trillion
KILOWATT HOURS of SOLAR POWER annually.
F - spectre solaire
S - espectro solar
SOLAR STEAM COOKER (sol). (See: INSULATED STEAM COOKER)
F - autoclave solaire
S - horno de vapor solar
SOLAR STILL (sol). A device used for SOLAR DISTILLATION.
F - alambic solaire
S - alambique solar
<FIGURE>
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SOLAR SYSTEM (sol). Any heating, cooling, or POWER system
that uses ENERGY generated by the sun.
F - systeme solaire
S - sistema solar
SOLAR WATER HEATER
SOLAR WATER HEATER (sol). A water heater that depends on
RADIANT ENERGY from the sun as its source of power.
F - chauffage-eau solaire
S - calentador de agua solar
<FIGURE>
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SOLIDITY (wind) (meas). The ratio of the BLADE surface
area to the SWEPT AREA of a ROTOR.
F - coefficient de solidite
S - solidez
SOLIDS RETENTION TIME (biocon) (meas). (See: DETENTION
TIME)
F - temps de retention des solides
S - periodo de retencion de los solidos
SOLID WASTE (biocon). Waste material in a solid state,
such as is found in households, commercial activities,
municipal plants, etc. Many solid wastes are useful in
BIOCONVERSION processes.
F - dechets solides
S - desperdicios solidos
SOLUBILIZATION (biocon). The first of three stages in the
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION of ORGANIC MATTER, in which the complex
proteins, CARBOHYDRATES, CELLULOSE, fats, and oils
are dissolved by ENZYMES. This HYDROLYSIS transforms the
complex compounds into simple amino ACIDS, simple
sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol. The simple compounds
are rendered into a form that is dissolved easily and
can pass through the cell walls of the acid-forming
BACTERIA to be FERMENTED.
F - solubilisation
S - solubilizacion
SPARK ARRESTER (impl). Screening, steel wool, or other
porous substance(s) that is placed in the distribution
pipes from a BIOGAS DIGESTER or PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR.
They prevent a spark or flame from passing back up the
pipe and causing an explosion.
F - pare-etincelle
S - parachispas
SQUARE WAVE
SPARS (wind). The frames extending from the WIND SHAFT of
a WIND MACHINE to support the SAILS.
F - bras [1]
S - [1] largueros; [2] varillaje
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (gen). The ratio of the weight of a
given volume of a substance to an equal volume of air or
water at a given temperature and pressure. The specific
gravity, which may be measured by a HYDROMETER, indicates
the CONCENTRATION of a substance in a solution.
(See also: PROOF).
F - densite
S - gravedad especifica
SPECIFIC SPEED (hydr) (meas). The speed at which a given
type of RUNNER in a TURBINE would operate if it were
reduced proportionately in size to produce one HORSE-POWER
under a one-foot (30.48 centimeter) HEAD. This
speed or velocity is expressed in revolutions per
minute. It is used to determine the proper type of
turbine to install at a HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT under
given conditions.
F - vitesse specifique
S - velocidad especifica
SPENT MASH (alc). The semisolid MASH, without the ALCOHOL,
following FERMENTATION and DISTILLATION.
F - residu de distillation
S - vinazas
SPENT SLURRY (biocon). (See: EFFLUENT)
F - boue epuisee
S - fango usado
SPILLWAY (hydr). A passage over or around a CHANNEL or DAM
through which excess water may escape.
F - deversoir
S - vertedero
SPILLWAY APRON (hydr). (See: SPILLWAY)
F - chenal du deversoir
S - paramento del vertedero
SPILLWAY CHANNEL (hydr). (See: SPILLWAY)
F - canal du deversoir
S - canal vertedor
SPRING SAIL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL BLADE fitted with
SHUTTERS that are controlled by springs.
F - aile a ressorts
S - aspa de resorte
SQUARE WAVE (wind). A type of ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac),
produced by low-cost, solid-state INVERTERS, which may
be used for most, but not all, ac appliances.
F - onde rectangulaire
S - onda cuadrada
S-ROTOR
S-ROTOR (wind). see: SAVONIUS ROTOR)
F - rotor de Savonius
S - rotor S
STACK (constr). A CHIMNEY or other passageway designed to
vent smoke from a stove, oven, furnace, etc.
F - corps de cheminee
S - canon
STACK EFFECT (heat). The impulse of a heated gas to rise
through a vertical passage, such as a CHIMNEY.
F - effet de cheminee
S - efecto de humero
STACK GAS (heat). Gases resulting from combustion, which
pass up a CHIMNEY.
F - gaz de cheminee
S - gases de la chimenea
STAGNATION (sol). The condition that may be reached in a
SOLAR COLLECTOR when the sun is shining on the device
and no FLUID is flowing through it. The resulting high
temperatures may damage the COLLECTOR.
F - stagnation
S - estancacion
STARCH (alc) (chem). A white, tasteless, solid CARBOHYDRATE
([C.sub.6][H.sub.10][O.sub.5]). Starch is a major component of many
agricultural crops, such as potatoes, grains, etc., that
are used to produce GLUCOSE.
F - amidon
S - almidon
START-UP (biocon). The process of adding INOCULUM to a
BIOGAS DIGESTER so that the digester will begin to
function.
F - mise en marche
S - puesta en marcha
START-UP SPEED (wind) (meas). The WIND VELOCITY at which a
WIND MACHINE begins to rotate.
F - vitesse de mise en marche
S - velocidad de puesta en marcha
STATIC HEAD (hydr). The vertical height from the surface
of a body of water to the water outlet of the DISCHARGE
PIPE of a TURBINE.
F - hauteur d'elevation
S - altura de elevacion
STATIONARY PEDAL POWER UNIT (gen). (See: PEDAL POWER)
F - appareil stationnaire d'entrainement par pedales
S - unidad de rendimiento del pedal inmovil
STEAM ENGINE (geo) (auto). An engine in which the mechanical
force of steam is used as a motive POWER to drive
machinery, etc.
F - moteur A vapeur
S - motor de vapor de agua
STOCK
STEAM GAS (geo). Superheated steam that is used as an
ENERGY source. Steam gas is usually obtained from
GEOTHERMAL sources.
F - vapeur surchauffee
S - gas de agua
STEAM TURBINE (gen) (geo). A TURBINE that is driven by
expanding steam or gas rather then by the velocity or
weight of water.
F - turbine a vapeur
S - turbina de vapor
STILL (gen) (alc). [1] An apparatus for DISTILLATION that
consists primarily of a closed vessel in which the solution
to be distilled is heated. It also includes mechanisms
to condense the vapor that is produced. [2] An
ALCOHOL distillation unit that consists of a container
to heat MASH, a DISTILLATION COLUMN to separate the
water from the alcohol, and a CONDENSER to convert
ALCOHOL VAPORS into liquid.
F - alambic
S - alambique
STILLAGE (alc). A mixture of non-FERMENTABLE SOLID WASTES
and water that remains in a STILL after the ALCOHOL is
removed by DISTILLATION. Stillage may be used as an
animal feed.
F - residus de distillation non-fermentable
S - residuos
STILL CAP (alc). (See: BUBBLE CAP)
F - calotte de barbotage
S - casquete de alambique
STILL COLUMN(alc) (impl). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL
that is used to separate ALCOHOL from the MASH and
water. The still column consists of SIEVE PLATES, BUBBLE
CAPS, and a DOWNCOMER.
F - colonne de distillation
S - columna de alambique
STIRLING ENGINE (auto). An external combustion engine in
which air is alternately heated and cooled to drive a
piston up and down. Hydrogen is used instead of air in
some newer models. The Stirling engine may in some cases
be nonpolluting and more efficient than the internal
combustion engine.
F - moteur de Stirling
S - motor Stirling
STIRRING (biocon). Agitating or mixing the SLURRY in a
BIOGAS DIGESTER. Stirring helps prevent SCUM buildup and
promotes METHANE production.
F - vaguage
S - agitacion
STOCK (wind) (arc). [1] A bar that is used to support a
WINDMILL SAIL. [2] A tapered SPAR that passes through
the POLL END of a windmill, supporting a pair of sails.
(Syn: sailstock)
F - fut
S - barra
STORAGE
STORAGE (gen). (See: ENERGY STORAGE)
F - stockage
S - almacenado
STORAGE CAPACITY (gen). The total amount of ENERGY that a
system is capable of holding for use at a later time.
(See also: ENERGY STORAGE)
F - capacite de stockage
S - capacidad de almacenado
STRATIFICATION (sol). In SOLAR HEATING, temperature variations
that occur in a substance or an area. The highest
temperatures are found higher up and cooler temperatures
are found lower down.
F - stratification
S - estratificacion
STRIKING GEAR (wind) (arc). The mechanism used with PATENT
SAILS to apply pressure to SHUTTERS. It consists of a
striking rod that passes through the length of the WIND
SHAFT. The rod is operated by an endless chain upon
which weights are hung. The number of weights is determined
by the force of the wind.
F - embrayage
S - engranaje de contacto
STRIPPING COLUMN (alc). The section of the STILL COLUMN in
which the ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION in the DISTILLATE is
increased and the starting solution is decreased. (Syn:
beer column)
F - colonne a desessencier
S - columna de destilacion
SUBMERGED WEIR (hydr). An underwater obstruction that
diverts water into a CHANNEL.
F - barrage immerge
S - vertedero sumergido
SUBSTRATE (bio) (biocon). [1] The particular FEEDSTOCK
component that is used by bacteria to promote their
growth and metabolism. The component often is one
particular compound. [2] ORGANIC MATTER that is used to
generate METHANE in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. (See: SLURRY)
F - substrat
S - subestrato
SUCROSE (alc) (chem). A FERMENTABLE SUGAR ([C.sub.12][H.sub.22][O.sub.11]) that
is commonly found in nature.
F - sucrose
S - sucrosa
SUCTION ANEMOMETER (wind) (meas). A device that measures
WIND VELOCITY according to the degree of exhaust caused
when the wind is blown through or across a tube.
F - anemometre a aspiration
S - anemometro de succion
SUN BASKET
SULFURIC ACID (alc) (chem). A strong ACID that is used to
increase the acidity, and thus lower the pH (POTENTIAL
HYDROGEN), in an ALCOHOL STILL.
F - acide sulfurique
S - acido sulfurico
SUN ANGLE CALCULATOR (sol) (meas). A set of transparent
curves and overlays that tells where the sun is in the
sky and that gives other SOLAR ALTITUDES. (See: SOLAR
SITE SELECTOR)
F - calculateur d'angle solaire
S - calculador del angulo solar
SUN BASKET (sol). A SOLAR COOKER in the shape of a deep
PARABOLA. This cooker may be a woven basket lined with a
reflective material.
F - panier solaire
S - cesto solar
<FIGURE>
10p125.gif (486x486)
SUN EFFECT
SUN EFFECT (sol) (meas). The amount of heat from the sun
that tends to heat an enclosed space.
F - effet solaire
S - efecto solar
SUN-TEMPERING (sol). A heating system that involves a
significant daytime SOLAR GAIN and an effective
distribution system, but which generally lacks a STORAGE
function.
F - dispositif de repartition de l'energie solaire
S - atemperacion solar
SUN-TRACKING DEVICE (sol) (impl). A device attached to a
SOLAR COLLECTOR that automatically turns the face of the
collector towards the sun.
F - dispositif de poursuite du soleil
S - dispositivo de seguimiento solar
SUPERNATANT (biocon). The liquid portion of the SLURRY
that floats above the SLUDGE in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - fraction surnageante
S - sobrenatatil
SWASH PLATE (wind). A disk set obliquely on a rotating
AXIS. It acts as a CAM to convert rotational movement
into up-and-down movement.
F - plateau oscillant
S - plato oscilante
SWEEP (wind) (arc). (See: SAIL)
F - balayage
S - barrer
SWEPT AREA (wind) (meas). The area in a plane that is
perpendicular to the wind through which a WINDMILL's
BLADES pass. The area is defined by the circumference of
the circle formed by the rotating blades, and is one
factor in determining the amount of WIND POWER available
from the wind.
F - zone balayee
S - area barrida
SWING POT (wind) (arc). A pivoting bearing that is
sometimes used to support the WIND SHAFT of a WINDMILL.
F - palier pivotant
S - cojinete pivotante
SWORD POINT (wind) (arc). The amount that a SAILCLOTH is
rolled up or REEFED to reduce its exposure to the wind.
This term refers to the pointed end on a reefed SAIL.
(See also: REEFING)
F - prise de ris
S - punto de recogida
SYNCHRONOUS INVERTER (elec) (wind). An electronic device
that can be used with a WIND GENERATOR, to convert
DIRECT CURRENT (dc) to ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac), but
which must be powered by another ac source.
F - inverseur synchrone
S - convertidor sincronico
T
TABOR SURFACE (sol). A black nickel SELECTIVE SURFACE
coating that typically absorbs 90 percent of the incoming
SOLAR RADIATION but which radiates only about 10
percent as much radiation as would be emitted by a coat
of FLAT BLACK PAINT.
F - surface de tabor
S - superficie tabor
TAIL (wind). A flat piece of sheet metal that is attached
to the extension of the WINDSHAFT of a WINDMILL. The
plane of the tail is normally perpendicular to the wind
so the tail may intercept changes in wind direction and
turn the ROTOR around to face the wind. (Syn: vane)
F - empennage
S - punta del aspa
TAIL POLE (wind) (arc). The projecting SPAR used to turn a
WINDMILL that is not equipped with automatic WINDING
gear.
F - barre de queue
S - saliente del aspa
TAILRACE (hydr). The discharging CHANNEL of a HYDROPOWER
system. It is that section of a RACE that is downstream
of a hydropower device.
F - bief d'aval
S - canal de descarga
TAILWATER (hydr). Water passing back into a discharging
CHANNEL after being applied to a HYDROPOWER device.
F - eau d'aval
S - agua de descarga
TAILWATER LEVEL (hydr) (meas). The depth of the TAILWATER
as measured at a reference point on its surface.
F - niveau de l'eau d'aval
S - nivel de la descarga
TAILWINDED (wind). The condition when a WINDMILL is caught
by a sudden change in wind direction, which exerts
pressure on the wrong side of the SAIL assembly.
F - a vent arriere
S - con viento de cola
THERMAL (gen). Having to do with the use or production of
heat. Also any reaction caused by heat.
F - thermique
S - termico
THERMAL ADMITTANCE (heat) (meas). The total amount of BTUs
that a square foot (929 square centimenters) of a surface
will admit in one hour.
F - admittance thermique
S - admision termica
THERMAL COLLECTOR
THERMAL COLLECTOR (sol). (See: COLLECTOR)
F - capteur thermique
S - colector termico
THERMAL CONDUCTANCE (heat) (meas). The amount of heat that
will pass through a given amount of material in a given
amount of time, and with a unit temperature difference
maintained between the surfaces of the material under
uniform and steady conditions.
F - conductance thermique
S - termoconductancia
THERMAL CONDUCTION (heat). Heat transfer by direct contact
from one substance to another of a lower temperature.
F - transmission de chaleur
S - termotransmision
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (heat) (meas). The ability of a
material to conduct heat. It is commonly measured in
units of THERMAL CONDUCTANCE.
F - conductivite thermique
S - termoconductibilidad
THERMAL EFFICIENCY (heat) (meas). A percentage that indicates
the available heat that is converted to useful
purposes. Thermal efficiency is used to evaluate wood-conserving
stoves and numerous other devices.
F - rendement thermique
S - termorendimiento
THERMAL ENERGY (heat). ENERGY from heat.
F - energie thermique
S - termoenergia
THERMAL LAG (meas). The time required for the temperature
of an area to reach that of an adjacent area, either by
heating or cooling. For example, the time required for
indoor air temperature to reach the cooler outside air
temperature when there is no additional heat added to
the house; or the time required for the inside surface
of a TROMBE WALL to reach the temperature of the outside
surface, which is exposed to the sun.
F - retard thermique
S - retardo termico
THERMAL MASS (gen). Material or mass of sufficient size
and density to store heat. Thermal mass walls are often
used in buildings that use PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
techniques and NIGHT SKY RADIATION. (See also: TROMBE
WALL)
F - masse thermique
S - masa termica
THERMAL POWER (gen). Any type of ENERGY generated or
developed through the use of HEAT ENERGY.
F - puissance thermique
S - termopotencia
TIDAL POWER
THERMAL WINDS (wind). Winds that are caused by the heating
of the ground by SOLAR RADIATION.
F - vents thermiques
S - vientos termicos
THERMOCOUPLE (meas) (impl). A device used to measure temperature.
It is based on the principle that an electrical
current is produced when two dissimilar wires are
joined together and the junction is heated. Thermocouples
are often used to measure temperatures at different
levels in BIOGAS DIGESTERS, WOOD STOVES, KILNS,
or other devices where use of a conventional thermometer
would be difficult.
F - thermocouple
S - termopar
THERMOPHILLIC BACTERIA (biocon). BACTERIA that grow best
in a temperature range between 122-131 [degrees] F (50-55 [degrees] C).
F - bacteries thermophiles
S - bacteria termofilica
THERMOSYPHON (sol). A CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM in which water
automatically circulates between a SOLAR COLLECTOR and a
water storage tank above it. A solar collector based on
the THERMOSYPHON PRINCIPLE uses the natural difference
in density between the warmer and cooler portions of a
liquid.
F - thermosiphon
S - termosifon
THERMOSYPHON CIRCULATION (sol). (See: THERMOSYPHON
PRINCIPLE)
F - circulation de thermosiphon
S - circulacion por termosifon
THERMOSYPHON EFFECT (sol). (See: THERMOSYPHON)
F - effet thermosiphon
S - efecto de termosifon
THERMOSYPHON PRINCIPLE (gen) (sol). The tendency of heated
liquids to rise. In a SOLAR WATER HEATER, this principle
is used to lift water from a SOLAR COLLECTOR to a storage
tank above it without the use of a pump.
F - principe du thermosiphon
S - principio de termosifon
THIN STILLAGE (biocon). The water soluble fraction of
FERMENTED MASH plus the mash water.
F - residu dilue de distillation
S - residuos liquidos
TIDAL ENERGY (ocean). The KINETIC ENERGY existing in the
tides by virtue of the moving mass of water.
F - energie des marees
S - energia mareal
TIDAL POWER (ocean). Mechanical POWER generated by the
rise and fall of ocean tides, which may be converted
into electricity.
F - puissance maremotrice
S - fuerza mareal
TILT ANGLE
TILT ANGLE (sol). The angle at which a SOLAR COLLECTOR is
tilted upward from the horizon for maximum solar exposure
and maximum heat collection.
F - angle d'inclination
S - angulo de inclinacion
TIME LAG (sol) (meas). (See: THERMAL LAG)
F - retard
S - tiempo de retardo
TIP SPEED (wind) (meas). The speed of the outer end or tip
of a BLADE of a WINDMILL ROTOR. This speed may be faster
than the rotation rate of the WIND SHAFT, and may be
faster or slower than the actual WIND SPEED.
F - vitesse peripherique
S - velocidad de giro de las aspas
TIP SPEED RATIO (wind) (meas). The quotient of the TIP
SPEED and the actual WIND SPEED.
F - quotient de vitesse peripherique
S - relacion de las velocidades de giro
TORQUE (gen). Any force that acts to produce rotation. The
measured ability of a rotating part, such as a gear or
shaft.
F - couple
S - par
TOTAL ENERGY HOUSE (gen). A house that is heated, cooled,
and receives its cooking and lighting POWER, completely
from ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES.
F - maison a energie integrale
S - casa energetica total
TOTAL SOLIDS (biocon) (meas). The proportion in weight of
solids in a sample of SLURRY or other EFFLUENT (e.g.
MASH).
F - fraction solide
S - solidos totales
TOWER (wind). The main supporting structure of a WIND
MACHINE. Towers are usually made of wood or steel, and
are suitably braced to withstand the stress to which
they are subjected.
F - pylone
S - torre
TOWER MILL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL made of masonry or
brickwork, and usually fitted with a REVOLVING CAP.
F - eolienne sur pylone
S - molino de torre
TOXIN (bio) (biocon). A material that inhibits the growth
and metabolism of or kills micro-organisms, often by
interfering with the normal chemical or biochemical
processes. A toxin may cause a BIOGAS DIGESTER to stop
producing gas.
F - toxine
S - toxina
TREADLE POWER
TRACKED PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY (sol). A PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY
that follows the path of the sun across the sky.
F - dispositif photovoltaique a poursuite solaire
S - conjunto fotovoltaico de seguimiento
TRACKING (sol). Referring to adjustments that cause a
SOLAR COOKER or a SOLAR COLLECTOR to "track" or follow
the sun's path across the sky. Tracking is done either
automatically or manually.
F - poursuite du soleil
S - seguimiento
TRACKING CONTROL (sol) (impl). (See: AUTOMATIC TRACKING)
F - controle de la poursuite
S - control del seguimiento
TRAILING EDGE (wind). The edge of a WINDMILL BLADE that
lies on the side opposite the direction of rotation.
F - arete arriere
S - borde posterior
TRANSDUCER (gen). A device that converts ENERGY from one
form into another (e.g., PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL).
F - transducteur
S - transductor
TRANSFER MEDIUM (sol). A substance that carries heat From
a SOLAR COLLECTOR to a storage area or from a storage
area to be warmed in a collector. Transfer mediums are
usually either air, water, or antifreeze solutions.
F - agent de transfert
S - medio de transferencia
TRANSMITTANCE (sol) (meas). The ratio of the RADIANT
ENERGY transmitted through a substance to the total
radiant energy falling on its surface. Transmittance is
always affected by the thickness and composition of the
substance, as well as by the INCIDENT ANGLE.
F - facteur de transmission
S - transmision
TRASH RACK (hydr). A protective "screen" made of vertical
bars that catches leaves, grass, and debris, keeping
clear the intake of a HYDROPOWER device.
F - grille pare-bois
S - parrilla colectora
TREADLE MECHANISM (gen). (See: TREADLE POWER)
F - mecanisme a pedale
S - mecanismo de pedal
TREADLE POWER (gen). A use of foot POWER in which an
up-and-down motion of the foot on a pedal produces a
rotating motion on a machine.
F - puissance de pedale
S - energia producida por pedal
TREATED EFFLUENT
TREATED EFFLUENT (biocon). Discharge from a BIOGAS DIGESTER
that has been rendered harmless by reducing the
number of PATHOGENS in it. The treatment often consists
of either drying or COMPOSTING the EFFLUENT.
F - effluent traite
S - efluente tratado
TROMBE WALL (constr) (heat) (sol). A masonry wall located
directly inside windows that face the equator. The wall
functions simultaneously as a structural element of the
building and as a SOLAR COLLECTOR and HEAT STORAGE
unit. (See also: THERMAL MASS)
F - mur de trombe
S - pared de trombe
<FIGURE>
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TRUNION (impl) (wind). A pin or pivot that is mounted on
BEARINGS to rotate or turn something. It usually is used
as a WINDMILL component. (See also: TURNTABLE)
F - tourillon
S - munon
TURBULENCE
TUBE-IN-PLATE ABSORBER (sol). A metal ABSORBER PLATE with
passages through which HEAT TRANSFER FLUID flows.
F - absorbeur a tubes internes
S - absorbedor con placa de tubos
TUBE-TYPE COLLECTOR (sol). A COLLECTOR in which the
TRANSFER MEDIUM FLOWS through metal tubes fastened to an
ABSORBER PLATE.
F - capteur a tubes solidaires
S - colector con tubos
TURBINE (gen). A device that converts the ENERGY in a
stream of FLUID into mechanical energy. By passing the
stream through a system of fixed and/or moving BLADES, a
drive shaft is rotated.
F - turbine
S - turbina
TURBINE WHEEL (hydr). The part of a WATER TURBINE that is
attached to a drive shaft, and which holds the BLADES or
CUPS that cause the wheel to rotate when struck by a
stream of steam or water. The wheel rotates the shaft to
produce mechanical or electrical POWER. (Syn: RUNNER)
F - roue de turbine
S - rueda turbina
TURBULENCE (wind). Irregular motion and GUSTS in the WIND
SPEED. (See also: MECHANICAL TURBULENCE)
F - turbulence
S - turbulencia
TURGO IMPULSE TURBINE
TURGO IMPULSE TURBINE (hydr). An improved version of the
PELTON WHEEL in which the JET is set at an angle to the
face of the RUNNER. Water strikes the front of the
BUCKETS and discharges at the opposite side.
F - turbine a impulsion turgo
S - turbina de impulsion turgo
<FIGURE>
10p134.gif (437x540)
TURNAROUND EFFICIENCY (gen) (meas). The resulting
EFFICIENCY when ENERGY is converted from one form to
another and then changed back again into its original
form or state.
F - rendement aller-retour
S - eficiencia resultante
TURNTABLE (wind). A rotating platform on which the ROTOR,
ROTOR SHAFT, and TAIL of a WINDMILL may move to orient
the BLADES or SAILS into the wind.
F - plaque tournante
S - plataforma giratoria
U
ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION (sol). Electromagnetic RADIATION,
usually from the sun, that consists of wavelengths that
are shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum.
F - rayons ultra-violet
S - radiacion ultravioleta
UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL (hydr). A WATER WHEEL driven by
water that strikes the underside of the wheel.
F - roue en dessous
S - rueda hidraulica de admision inferior
<FIGURE>
10p135.gif (353x486)
UNDIGESTED SOLIDS (biocon). Heterogenous BIOMASS, contained
in either the SLURRY or EFFLUENT, which has not
DECOMPOSED in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - solides non-digeres
S - solidos sin digerir
UNGLAZED COLLECTOR (sol). A COLLECTOR without a cover.
F - capteur non-vitre
S - colector no vidriado
UPDRAFT (prod) (gen). [1] Referring to a PRODUCER GAS
GENERATOR in which the air-gas mixture flows upward to
the engine. [2] Any cooking or heating device (e.g., a
KILN) in which air for CONVECTION or combustion flows
upward through the device.
F - tirage vers le haut
S - corriente aerea ascendente
UPLONG
UPLONG (wind) (arc). A longitudinal bar in the BACKSTAY of
a SAIL.
F - barre longitudinale
S - varilla longitudinal
UPWIND (wind). [1] On the same side as the direction from
which the wind is blowing (i.e. , in the path of the
oncoming wind). [2] A type of WINDMILL in which the
ROTOR remains between the oncoming wind and the TOWER.
F - vent de proue
S - viento contrario
<FIGURE>
10p136.gif (353x353)
USED OIL (heat). Automotive or other lubrication oil,
which is "used up" or no longer useful for its original
purpose. If mixed with water at a ratio of five to one,
and then dripped onto a heated metal sheet, used oil
will burst into flames. This makes it useful as a fuel.
(Syn: waste oil)
F - huile epuisee
S - aceite usado
U-VALUE
USEFUL ENERGY GAIN (sol). The ENERGY absorbed by a SOLAR
COLLECTOR that is not lost to the surrounding atmosphere
and which may be used for space or water heating.
F - gain energetique utile
S - ganancia de energia util
USEFUL SOLAR HEAT (sol). Heat delivered by a SOLAR COLLECTOR
that can be applied for cooking, heating, or
other purposes.
F - chaleur solaire utile
S - calor solar util
USEFUL WATER CAPACITY (hydr) (meas). The volume of water
that a reservoir can hold and usefully exploit, and
which lies between the lowest and highest levels normally
contained in the reservoir.
F - capacite utile en eau
S - capacidad aprovechable de agua
U-VALUE (heat) (meas). The amount of heat that FLOWS in or
out of a substance under constant conditions, in one
hour, when there is a one degree difference in temperature
between the air inside and outside the building.
U-value is the inverse of RESISTANCE-VALUE.
F - valeur U
S - valor U
V
VACUUM DISTILLATION (gen). DISTILLATION under reduced
pressure. This lowers the boiling point of the distilled
material so that it will not crack or decompose.
F - distillation sous vide
S - vacuodestilacion
VALVE ASSEMBLY (gen). The assembled parts of a valve.
F - garniture de soupape
S - montaje de valvula
VANE [1] (hydr) (See: GUIDE VANE); [2] (wind) (See: TAIL)
F - aube
S - aspa
VAPOR LOCK (auto). A blockage in a fuel line that is
caused when the fuel vaporizes.
F - tampon de vapeur
S - obstruccion por vapor
VAPOR PRESSURE (chem) (meas). The pressure of a vapor
while in contact with its solid or liquid form. This is
also referred to as saturated vapor pressure. The
pressure rises with any increase in temperature.
F - tension de vapeur
S - presion del vapor
VERTICAL-AXIS WATER WHEEL (hydr). A WATER WHEEL that
drives a vertical axis instead of the more common
horizontal axis
F - roue hydraulique a axe vertical
S - rueda hidraulica de eje vertical
VERTICAL-AXIS WIND MACHINE (wind). A WIND MACHINE in which
the WINDSHAFT is on a vertical axis. This type of device
may accept wind from any direction. (See also: DARRIEUS
ROTOR; SAVONIUS ROTOR)
F - eolienne axe vertical
S - generador eolico de eje vertical
VIOLET CELL (sol). A type of SILICON SOLAR CELL that is
more effective than conventional PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS in
converting sunlight to electricity from the violet and
ULTRA-VIOLET range of the light spectrum.
F - cellule violette
S - celula violeta
VISCOSITY (chem). The resistance to FLOW or change of
shape due to molecular cohesion and internal friction in
FLUIDS. Viscosity varies inversely with temperature.
F - viscosite
S - viscosidad
VOLATILE ACIDS
VOLATILE (gen) (refrig). [1] Easily burned, unstable, or
explosive. [2] Liquids that are readily evaporated at a
relatively low temperature.
F - volatile
S - volatil
VOLATILE ACIDS (biocon). Fatty ACIDS of a low molecular
weight. These acids are very SOLUBLE.
F - acides volatiles
S - acidos volatiles
W - X
WASTE CONVERSION TO ENERGY (biocon). (See: BIOCONVERSION)
F - conversion des dechets en energie
S - conversion energetica de desperdicios
WASTE HEAT (heat). Heat that is left after useful ENERGY
generation.
F - chaleur perdue [1]
S - calor perdido
WATER-AIR HEAT EXCHANGER (heat). A HEAT EXCHANGER in which
FLUIDS may either be heated or cooled by water or air.
F - echangeur de chaleur eau/air
S - termopermutador de agua-aire
WATER BED (sol). Shallow plastic bags that are filled with
water and placed on roofs of homes or buildings. In
cooler climates, the bags collect SOLAR ENERGY during
the day, and radiate heat to the building during the day
and radiate this heat to the sky at night, thus cooling
the building. In warmer climates, panels are placed over
the bags during the day and removed at night so the bags
can draw off heat from the building and keep it cool.
F - lit d'eau
S - lecho de agua
WATER CHUTE (hydr). A steep CHANNEL by which water
descends in force. Water chutes are used to create or
increase the HEAD for a HYDROPOWER system.
F - chute d'eau
S - caida de agua
WATER HYACINTHS (biocon). A type of water plant with a
high carbon content, which makes it very useful as
FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS production.
F - eichornia
S - jacinto de agua
WATER JACKET (auto) (prod). A casing or compartment
containing water that is placed around all or part of a
device to keep it cool, as around the cylinders or
cylinder head of an internal combustion engine.
F - chemise a eau
S - envuelta de agua
WATER MILL (hydr). A MILL driven by a WATER WHEEL.
F - moulin hydraulique
S - molino hidraulico
WATERPOWER (hydr). The ENERGY in water as derived from its
weight or momentum, and which may be used to drive
machinery, generate electricity, or for other purposes.
(Syn: HYDROPOWER)
F - energie hydraulique
S - energia hidraulica
W.E.C.S. OR WECS
WATER PUMPING WINDMILLS (wind). (See: WIND-POWERED PUMP)
F - eoliennes de pompage
S - molinos de viento con bombas hidraulicas
WATER SEAL (biocon). The part of a GASHOLDER designed to
prevent the METHANE from mixing with air and becoming
potentially explosive. It generally is created by
submerging a portion of the holder in water.
F - joint hydraulique
S - junta hidraulica
WATERSHED (hydr). [1] the divide or crestline dividing two
drainage areas. [2] The area draining into a river,
stream etc.
F - [1] ligne de partage des eaux; [2] bassin
hydrographique
S - divisoria de aguas
WATER TURBINE (hydr). A device that converts the ENERGY
of falling water into rotating mechanical energy. Water
turbines are usually smaller than WATER WHEELS and
operate at the higher speeds required to generate
electricity.
F - turbine hydraulique
S - turbina hidraulica
WATER WHEEL (hydr). A wheel with BUCKETS or BLADES that
allow it to be turned by the weight or velocity of
falling water or by water moving underneath it.
F - roue hydraulique
S - rueda hidraulica
WATT (elec) (meas). The unit rate at which work is done in
an electrical circuit. One watt equals one JOULE of work
per second.
F - watt
S - vatio
WAVE POWER (ocean). The production of electricity by
harnessing ocean wave movements through the use of
specialized TURBINES or other devices.
F - energie des vagues
S - energia de las olas
WEATHERED SAILS (wind) (arc). SAILS with variable pitch
from the inner to the outer edge.
F - ailes a airage
S - velas inclinadas
WEATHER STRIPPING (gen). Narrow strips of rubber, felt,
metal or other material that are used to conserve ENERGY
by preventing air INFILTRATION around doors or windows.
F - bourrelets d'etancheite
S - moldura
W.E.C.S. or WECS (wind). (See: WIND ENERGY CONVERSION
SYSTEM)
F - S.C.E.E. ou SCEE
S - S.C.E.E. o SCEE
WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION
WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION (wind) (meas). A probability density
function that allows one to model the WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION
for a given site, based on certain input parameters.
A mathematical application of the Weibull
probability density function gives the wind speed distribution.
The Weibull distribution is a two-parameter
function, whereas the RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION is a simplified
Weibull that only uses one parameter. (See also:
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION)
F - distribution de Weibull
S - distribucion de Weibull
WEIR (hydr). An obstruction placed across a stream to
divert the water to make it FLOW through a desired
CHANNEL, which may be a notch or opening in the weir
itself. A weir also is that part of a dam, embankment,
CANAL, etc. that contains gates, and over which surplus
water flows. A calibrated rod can be placed before the
opening in a weir to measure flow. Weirs are sometimes
set up exclusively as flow-measuring devices. (Syn:
waterweir)
F - deversoir
S - presa de aforo
<FIGURE>
10p142.gif (600x600)
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE (meas). A measure of the relative
humidity in a room. It is taken by a special thermometer
whose bulb is kept wet.
F - temperature de bulbe humide
S - temperatura de bola humeda
WIND ELECTRIC SYSTEM
WET SLURRY (biocon). (See: LIQUID SLURRY)
F - boue humide
S - fango mojado
WET STEAM (geo). Underground water that is hotter than the
boiling point, but which remains liquid because of high
surrounding pressures. Reservoirs of this superheated
water may be tapped, producing a mixture of water and
steam that flows to the surface and which may provide
power for a TURBINE or other machinery.
F - vapeur humide
S - vapor saturado
WHEELS (wind) (arc). (See: ROLLERS)
F - roues
S - muelas
WHIP (wind) (arc). The principal longitudinal frame for
the individual WINDMILL SAIL. It is strapped and bolted
to the face of the BLADE.
F - bras [2]
S - varillaje
WIND CONCENTRATOR (wind). A device or structure that is
used to concentrate a wind stream.
F - concentrateur du vent
S - concentrador de viento
<FIGURE>
10p143.gif (317x317)
WIND DIRECTION (wind). The forward course along which the
wind is blowing.
F - direction du vent
S - direccion del viento
WIND ELECTRIC SYSTEM (wind). A system in which a WINDMILL
is used to generate electricity. A windmill can either
be used with an ALTERNATOR or DYNAMO to provide electricity,
which is either stored in batteries or used
directly to run appliances.
F - electricite eolienne, systeme de
S - sistema electrogeno eolico
WIND ENERGY
WIND ENERGY (wind). ENERGY that is tapped from the natural
movement of the air. Wind energy is considered a form of
SOLAR ENERGY because wind is caused by variations in the
amount of heat that the sun sends to different parts of
the earth. It may be converted into electrical or
mechanical POWER through the use of a WIND MACHINE.
F - energie du vent
S - energia eolica
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM (wind). The conversion of
WIND ENERGY into electrical, mechanical, or thermal
energy through the use of WIND MACHINES. Commonly
abbreviated as W.E.C.S. or WECS.
F - conversion de l'energie eolienne, systeme de
S - sistema de conversion de la energia eolica
WIND FURNACE (wind). A WIND MACHINE that converts WIND
POWER into HEAT ENERGY.
F - four eolien
S - horno eolico
WIND GAUGE (wind) (meas). Any instrument that measures
WIND VELOCITY. (Syn: ANEMOMETER)
F - indicateur de vent
S - anemometro
WIND GENERATOR (wind). A type of WINDMILL that extracts
ENERGY from the wind to produce electricity by driving a
GENERATOR. It generally has two or three narrow BLADES
that turn at a high speed, often using gearing to
multiply the number of revolutions per minute up to a
range required by the generator.
F - eolienne generatrice
S - generador eolico
<FIGURE>
10p144.gif (353x353)
WIND LOAD RATING
WINDING (wind) (arc). The action of turning the WINDMILL
CAP into the WIND. This is done either automatically or
manually. (Pronounced to rhyme with finding.)
F - virer
S - venteamiento
<FIGURE>
10p145.gif (486x285)
WIND LOAD RATING (wind) (meas). A specification used to
indicate the resistance of a WINDMILL TOWER to the force
of the wind.
F - puissance eolienne nominale
S - clasificador de la carga eolica
WIND MACHINE
WIND MACHINE (wind). Any of several types of wind-driven
devices that are used to extract useful POWER from the
wind.
F - eolienne
S - maquina eolica
WIND MEASUREMENT (wind). (See: BEAUFORT SCALE)
F - mesure du vent
S - medicion eolica
WINDMILL (wind). In a strictly technical sense, only those
wind-powered MACHINES that drive MILLS to grind grain.
However, the term is generally used to describe WIND
MACHINES of all kinds. A windmill is powered by wind
pressure, and usually has a slowly turning ROTOR with
two or more BLADES attached to it. The blades are turned
by the wind, thus rotating the rotor and the WIND
SHAFT. In this way, WIND ENERGY is converted to
mechanical energy. Some typical windmill applications
include water pumping, milling or threshing, and
electricity generation.
F - moulin a vent, eolienne
S - molino de viento
WIND POWER (wind) (meas). Power available from the wind
that can be used by various types of WIND MACHINES. It
can be expressed as: P = E(.5)[DAV.sup.3], where:
A = SWEPT AREA in square meters
V = WIND VELOCITY in meters/sec
P = power in KILOWATTS
D = air density in kilograms/cubic meters
E = EFFICIENCY of the device expressed as a percentage
F - puissance du vent
S - potencia eolica
WIND-POWERED PUMP (wind). A water-lifting device driven by
a WIND MACHINE.
F - pompe a energie eolienne
S - bomba de aeromotor
WIND ROSE (wind) (meas). A two-dimensional graph that
shows monthly or yearly mean WIND SPEEDS as well as a
distribution of wind speeds. It usually indicates the
speed and the percentage of time that the wind blows
from eight to 16 different directions.
F - rose des vents
S - rosa de los vientos
WIND ROTOR (wind). (See: ROTOR)
F - rotor d'eolienne
S - rotor eolico
WIND SHAFT (wind). The metal rod attached to and turned by
the ROTOR to provide mechanical POWER.
F - arbre d'eolienne
S - eje eolico
WIND SPEED (wind). (See: WIND VELOCITY; BEAUFORT SCALE)
F - vitesse du vent
S - caudal del viento
WORT
WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION (wind) (meas). A two-dimensional
graph that shows the total time or the percentage of
time that the wind blows at each WIND SPEED at a particular
location. It differs from a WIND ROSE in that it
can give a grand total of wind speeds, regardless of
their directions.
F - distribution des vitesses du vent
S - distribucion del canal del viento
WIND TURBINE (wind). (See: WIND MACHINE)
F - turbine A vent
S - turbina eolica
WIND VELOCITY (wind) (meas). The speed of air movement
measured in miles per hour or meters per second. The
amount of POWER available from the wind depends in part
on the WIND SPEED or velocity. It is a peculiarity of
WIND POWER that the ENERGY available increases as the
cube of the wind velocity. Wind velocity may be measured
by an ANEMOMETER.
F - vitesse du vent
S - velocidad del viento
WINKLER PROCESS (prod). A FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIER process,
which produces a low or medium BTU gas from a wide
variety of coals.
F - procede de Winkler
S - proceso de Winkler
WOOD ALCOHOL (alc). (See: METHANOL)
F - alcool de bois
S - alcohol metilico
WOOD GAS (prod). (See: PRODUCER GAS)
F - gaz de bois
S - gas metilico
WOOD STOVE (biocon). A stove that uses wood and most wood
residues as fuel.
F - poele a bois
S - estufa de lena
WORM (alc) (impl) (wind) (arc). [1] A type of CONDENSER
used in ALCOHOL STILLS. It is a coiled metal tube that
leads from the still to a container holding cool water.
It increases the rate of CONDENSATION and therefore the
purity of the alcohol produced. [2] A cylindrical gear
that supports a helical thread. It frequently is used in
WINDMILL WINDING gears.
F - [1] serpentin; [2] vis sans fin
S - tornillo sin fin
WORT (alc). The liquid portion of MASH that has not yet
been inoculated with YEAST. It is a brewing term that
describes the mash when it is between the BREWING MASH
stage and the FERMENTATION period.
F - avoi
S - mosto no fermentado
Y
YAW AXIS (wind). The vertical axis about which a HORIZONTAL
AXIS WINDMILL rotates to align itself with the
wind.
F - axe de lacet
S - eje vertical
YEAST (alc) (bio). A single-celled micro-organism that can
change simple sugars into ETHANOL and carbon dioxide by
FERMENTATION. Yeasts are one type of FUNGI.
F - levure
S - levadura
YOKE (ani) (impl). A contrivance that joins together a
pair of draft animals, especially oxen, and which generally
consists of a crosspiece with bow-shaped pieces
that fit over the shoulders of the animals.
F - joug
S - yugo
<FIGURE>
10p148.gif (486x486)
Z
ZERO TILL (agri). An ENERGY-CONSERVING method of agriculture
that requires little or no plowing or turning of
the soil.
F - labourage nul
S - cero arado
ZONAL WIND (wind). Winds that blow approximately along the
local perallel of the LATITUDE.
F - vent zonal
S - viento zonal
ZONE HEAT (heat). A central heating system in which different
temperatures may be maintained in two or more of
the areas being heated.
F - chauffage par zone
CONVERSION TABLES
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
acres 43,560 square feet
acres 4,047 square meters
acres 1.562 X [10.sup.-3] square miles
acres 0.004047 square kilometers
acres 4840 square yards
atmospheres 76.0 cms of mercury
atmospheres 29.92 inches of mercury
stmospheres 10,333 kgs/square meter
atmospheres 14.70 pounds/square inch
British thermal units 0.2530 kilogram-calories
B.t.u. 777.5 foot-pounds
B.t.u. 3.927 X [10.sup.-4] horsepower-hours
B.t.u. 1,054 joules
B.t.u. 107.5 kilogram-meters
B.t.u. 2.928 X [10.sup.-4] kilowatt-hours
B.t.u./min. 0.02356 horsepower
B.t.u./min. 0.01757 kilowatts
B.t.u./min. 17.57 watts
calories 0.003968 B.t.u.
calories 3.08596 foot-pounds
calories 1.1622 X [10.sup.-6] kilowatt-hours
centimeters 0.3937 inches
centimeters 0.01 meters
centimeters of mercury 0.1934 pounds/square inch
centimeters/second 1.969 feet/minute
centimeters/second 0.036 kilometer/hour
centimeters/second 0.6 meters/minute
centimeters/second 0.02237 miles/hour
cubic centimeters [10.sup.-6] cubic meters
cubic centimeters 6.102 X [10.sup.-2] cubic inches
cubic centimeters 3.531 X [10.sup.-5] cubic feet
cubic centimeters 1.308 X [10.sup.-6] cubic yards
cubic feet 1,728 cubic inches
cubic feet 0.02832 cubic meters
cubic feet 2.832 X [10.sup.4] cubic centimeters
cubic feet 7.481 gallons
cubic feet 28.32 liters
cubic feet/minute 472.0 cubic cms/second
cubic feet/minute 0.1247 gallons/second
cubic feet/minute 0.4720 liters/second
cubic feet/minute 62.4 pounds water/min
cubic inches 5.787 X [10.sup.-4] cubic feet
cubic inches 1.639 X [10.sup.-5] cubic meters
cubic inches 2.143 X [10.sup.-5] cubic yards
cubic meters 35.31 cubic feet
cubic meters 264.2 gallons
cubic meters [10.sup.3] liters
cubic yards 7.646 X [10.sup.5] cubic centimeters
cubic yards 27.0 cubic feet
cubic yards 46,656 cubic inches
cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters
cubic yards 202.0 gallons
cubic yards 764.6 liters
cubic yards/min. 0.45 cubic feet/second
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
cubic yards/min. 3.367 gallons/second
cubic yards/min. 12.74 liters/second
degrees (angle) 60 minutes
degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians
degrees (angle) 3,600 seconds
dynes 1.020 X [10.sup.-3] grams
dynes 2.248 X [10.sup.-6] pounds
ergs 9.486 X [10.sup.11] B.t.u.
ergs 1 dyne-centimeters
ergs 7.376 X [10.sup.-8 foot-pounds
ergs [10.sup.-7] joules
ergs 2.390 X [10.sup.-11] kilogram-calories
ergs 1.020 X [10.sup.-8] kilogram-meters
ergs/second 1.341 X [10.sup.-10] horsepower
ergs/second [10.sup.-10] kilowatts
feet 30.48 centimeters
feet 0.3048 meters
feet/second 18.29 meters/minute
foot-pounds 1.286 X [10.sup.-3] B.t.u.
foot-pounds 1.356 X [10.sup.7] ergs
foot-pounds 5.050 X [10.sup.-7] horsepower-hours
foot-pounds 3.241 X [10.sup.-4] kilogram-calories
foot-pounds 0.1383 kilogram-meters
foot-pounds 3.766 X [10.sup.-7] kilowatt-hours
foot-pounds/minute 1.286 X [10.sup.-3] B.t.u./minute
foot-pounds/minute 0.01667 foot-pounds/second
foot-pounds/minute 3.241 X [10.sup.-4] kg-calories/min
foot-pounds/minute 2.260 X [10.sup.-5] kilowatts
foot-pounds/second 7.172 X [10.sup.-2] B.t.u./minute
foot-pounds/second 1.818 X [10.sup.-3] horsepower
foot-pounds/second 1.945 X [10.sup.-2] kg-calories/min
foot-pounds/second 1.356 X [10.sup.-3] kilowatts
gallons 0.1337 cubic feet
gallons 231 cubic inches
gallons 3.785 X [10.sup.-3] cubic meters
gallons 3.785 liters
gallons/minute 2.228 X [10.sup.-3] cubic feet/second
gallona/minute 0.06308 liters/second
grams [10.sup.-3] kilograms
grams [10.sup.3] miligrams
grams 0.03527 ounces
grams 0.03215 troy ounces
grams/cubic centimeter 62.43 pounds/cubic feet
grams centimeters 9.297 X [10.sup.-8] B.t.u.
horsepower 42.44 B.t.u./minute
horsepower 33,000 foot-pounds/minute
horsepower 550 foot-pounds/second
horsepower 10.70 kg-calories/min
harsepower 0.7457 kilowatts
horsepower 745.7 watts
horsepower 1.014 horsepower(metric)
horsepower-hours 2547 B.t.u.
horsepower-hours 1.98 X [10.sup.6] foot-pounds
horsepower-hours 641.7 kilogram-calories
horsepower-hours 2.737 X [10.sup.5] kilogram-meters
horsepower-hours 0.7457 kilowatt-hours
horsepower-hours 2.684 X [10.sup.6] joules
inches 2.540 centimeters
inches 254.0 millimeters
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
inches of mercury 0.03342 atmospheres
inches of mercury 1.133 feet of water
inches of mercury 345.3 kgs/sq meter
inches of mercury 70.73 pounds/sq foot
inches of mercury 0.4912 pounds/sq inch
inches of water 0.002458 atmospheres
inches of water 0.07355 inches of mercury
inches of water 25.40 kgs/square meter
inches of water 0.5781 ounces/square inch
inches of water 5.204 pounds/square foot
inches of water 0.03613 pounds/square inch
joules 0.0009458 B.t.u.
joules 0.73756 foot-pounds
joules 0.0002778 watt-hours
joules 1.0 watt-seconds
kilograms 980,665 dynes
kilograms [10.sup.3] grams
kilograms 2.2046 pounds
kilograms 1.102 X [10.sup.-3] short tons
kilogram-calories 3.968 B.t.u.
kilogram-calories 3,086 foot-pounds
kilogram-calories 1.558 X [10.sup.-3] horsepower-hours
kilogram-calories 4,183 joules
kilogram-calories 426.6 kilogram-meters
kilogram-calories/min. 51.43 foot-pounds/second
kilogram-calories/min. 0.09351 horsepower
kilogram-calories/min. 0.06972 kilowatts
kilograms/hectare .893 pounds/acre
kilometers [10.sup.5] centimeters
kilometers 0.6214 miles
kilometers 3,281 feet
kilometers 1,000 meters
kilometers 1093.6 yards
kilometers/hour 27.78 centimetere/sec
kilometers/hour 54.68 feet/minute
kilometers/hour 0.9113 feet/second
kilometers/hour 0.5396 knots/hour
kilometers/hour 16.67 meters/hour
kilometers/hour 0.6214 miles/hour
kilowatts 56.92 B.t.u./minute
kilowatts 4.425 X [10.sup.4] foot-pounds/minute
kilowatts 737.6 foot-pounds/second
kilowatts 1.341 horsepower
kilowatts 14.34 kg-calories/min
kilowatts [10.sup.3] watts
kilowatts-hours 3,412 B.t.u.
kilowatts-hours 2.655 X [10.sup.6] foot-pounds
kilowatts-hours 1.341 horsepower-hours
kilowatts-hours 3.6 X [10.sup.6] joules
kilowatts-hours 860.5 kilogram-calories
kilowatts-hours 3.671 X [10.sup.5] kilogram-meters
meters 100 centimeters
meters 3.2808 feet
meters 39.37 inches
meters [10.sup.-3] kilometers
meters [10.sup.3] millimeters
meters 1.0936 yards
meter-kilograms 9.807 X [10.sup.7] centimeter-dynes
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
meter-kilograms [10.sup.5] centimeter-grams
meter-kilograms 7.233 pound-feet
meters/minute 1.667 centimeters/second
meters/minute 3.281 feet/minute
meters/minute 0.05468 feet/second
meters/minute 0.06 kilometers/hour
meters/minute 0.03728 miles/hour
meters/second 196.8 feet/minute
meters/second 3.281 feet/second
meters/second 3.6 kilometers/hour
meters/second 0.06 kilometers/minute
meters/second 2.237 miles/hour
meters/second 0.03728 miles/minute
miles 1.609 X [10.sup.5] centimeters
miles 5,280 feet
miles 1.6093 kilometers
miles 1,760 yards
miles/min 88.0 feet/second
miles/min 1.6093 kilometers/minute
miles/min 0.8684 knots/minute
ounces 8.0 drams
ounces 437.5 grains
ounces 28.35 grams
ounces 0.625 pounds
ounces/square inch 0.0625 pounds/square inch
pints (dry) 33.60 cubic inches
pints (liquid) 28.87 cubic inches
pounds 444,823 dynes
pounds 7,000 grains
pounds 453.6 grams
pounds 0.45 kilograms
pounds of water 0.01602 cubic feet
pounds of water 27.68 cubic inches
pounds of water 0.1198 gallons
pounds of water/min. 2.669 X [10.sup.-4] cubic feet/second
pounds/cubic foot 0.01602 grams/cubic cms.
pounds/cubic foot 16.02 kgs/cubic meter
pounds/cubic foot 5.787 X [10.sup.-4] pounds/cubic inch
pounds/square foot 4.882 kgs/sq meter
pounds/square foot 6.944 X [10.sup.-3] pounds/square inch
pounds/square inch 0.06304 atmospheres
pounds/square inch 703.1 kgs/square meter
pounds/square inch 144.0 pounds/square foot
quarts (dry) 67.20 cubic inches
quarts (liquid) 57.75 cubic inches
quadrants (angle) 90 degrees
quadrants (angle) 5,400 minutes
quadrants (angle) 1.571 radians
radians 57.30 degrees
radians 3,438 minutes
radians/second 57.30 degrees/second
raidans/second 0.1592 revolutions/second
revolutions 360.0 degrees
revolutions 4.0 quadrants
revolutions 6.283 radians
revolutions/minute 6.0 degrees/second
square centimeters 1.076 X [10.sup.-3] square feet
square centimeters 0.1550 square inches
square centimeters [10.sup.-6] square meters
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
square centimeters 100 square millimeters
square feet 2.296 X [10.sup.-5] acres
square feet 929.0 square centimeters
square feet 144.0 square inches
square feet 0.09290 square meters
square feet 3.587 X [10.sup.-8] square miles
square feet 0.1111 square yards
square inches 6.452 square centimeters
square inches 645.2 square millimeters
square meters 2.471 X [10.sup.-4] acres
square meters 10.764 square feet
square meters 3.861 X [10.sup.-7] square miles
square meters 1.196 square yards
square miles 640.0 acres
square miles 2.7878 X [10.sup.7] square feet
square miles 2.590 square kilometers
square miles 3.098 X [10.sup.6] square yards
square yards 2.066 X [10.sup.-4] acres
square yards 9.0 square feet
square yards 0.8361 square meters
square yards 3.228 X [10.sup.-7 square miles
temp (degs C) + 237 1.0 abs temp (degs K)
temp (degs C) + 17.8 1.8 temp (degs F)
temp (deqs F) - 32 5/9 temp (degs C)
tons (long) 1,016 kilograms
tons (long) 2,240 pounds
tons (metric) [10.sup.3] kilograms
tons (metric) 2,205 pounds
tons (short) 907.2 kilograms
tons (short) 2,000 pounds
tons (short)/sq. foot 9,765 kgs/square meter
tons (short)/sq. foot 13.89 pounds/square inch
tons (short)/sq. inch 1.406 X [10.sup.6] kgs/square meter
tons (short)/sq. inch 2,000 pounds/square inch
yards 0.9144 meters
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========================================
========================================
RENEWABLE ENERGY DICTIONARY
DICCIONARIO DE ENERGIA RENOVABLE
DICTIONNAIRE DE L'ENERGIE RENOUVELABLE
This publication was made possible, in part,
through the generous support of
the United States Agency
for International Development
and the United Nations Education,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
VITA
1600 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 500
Arlington, Virgnia 22209 USA
Tel: 703/276-1800 * Fax: 703/243-1865
Internet: pr-info@vita.org
Copyright [C] 1982 Volunteers in Technical Assistance
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording,
or any information storage and retrieval system without
the written permission of the publisher.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Designed by Margaret Crouch.
Published by
VITA
1600 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 500
Arlington, Virgnia 22209 USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Renewable energy dictionary
Bibliography: p. 479
1. Renewable energy sources--Dictionaries. 2. Power
(Mechanics)--Dictionaries. I. Volunteers in Technical
Assistance.
TJ163.16.R48 1982 333.79 82-50309
ISBN 0-86619-161-5
PREFACE
Soon after beginning a major program in
renewable energy in 1979, VITA (Volunters
in Technical Assistance) found that many of
the technical terms commonly used in renewable
energy literature were not understood
by many of the laypeople for whom the information
was meant. VITA also realized
that it was no easy task to find definitions
for many of these terms. There were
specialized glossaries for the various areas
of renewable energy, but there was no
one source devoted to defining renewable
energy terminology. The Renewable Energy
Dictionary is designed to meet this need.
This encyclopedic dictionary is comprised
of up-to-date and authoritative definitions
of terms used in renewable energy. Definitions
are presented in the clearest and
most concise language possible without detracting
from their technical accuracy.
They are thoroughly cross-referenced for
ease of use.
The terms that were selected for this
dictionary are primarily those not commonly
defined in their renewable energy context
in conventional dictionaries. Some of the
terms are now considered to be archaic.
Mostly related to wind energy, they are included
because of their usefulness in developing
an overall understanding of the
field.
VITA's 22 years in international development
and technology transfer have brought a
sensitivity to the need in developing countries
for technical materials in languages
other than English. This dictionary is
translated into French and Spanish in an
effort to help meet this need.
In addition to 1,000 entries in each language,
many with illustrations, the dictionary
includes comprehensive conversion
tables and a bibliography.
Our research indicates that this is the
only published reference work of its kind
available. We feel it is a significant resource
for those working with renewable energy
technologies and concepts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
No work of this scope and magnitude could
be completed without the assistance and
contributions of many individuals. Along
with Dr. William Sorsby, our primary contributor,
we wish to acknowledge the invaluable
contributions made by VITA Volunteers
who gave their time freely to make this
book a reality. Our deepest thanks go out
to: Dr. Sam Baldwin, Thomas J. Beckman,
Richard A. Boettcher, Jean-Claude Bruffaerts,
Jerome E. Dobroski, George S. Erskine,
H. Speer Ezzard, Hal Finkelstein,
Dr. Peter B. Hammond, Robert W. Hawthorn,
James L. Hogan, and Dr. Norbert J. Kreidl.
We also wish to thank the following members
of VITA's technical staff for their
reviews, contributions, and constant support:
John M. Downey, Alan Wyatt, Dr. Gary
L. Garriott, Stephen H. Hirsch, Fred Hopman,
William R. Breslin, Dr. William A .
Gross, Richard J. Fera, O. Christopher
Ahrens, Balla Sidibe, and Hector Reyes, and
research assistant Vandana Malhotra.
Special thanks go to artist Christopher
P. Schmidt for the excellent illustrations.
Finally, we acknowledge the editorial and
production contributions of Kristine
Stroad Ament, Julie Badger, Margararet
Crouch, Bonnie Duley, Gregory James, and
David Jarmul, who put the whole thing
together.
TRANSLATIONS
This dictionary was translated into
French and Spanish by Berlitz International
Translation Service.
<Select this link for French> <Select this link for Spanish>
ENGLISH
INGLES
ANGLAIS
HOW TO USE THIS DICTIONARY
This dictionary is thoroughly cross-referenced for ease of
use and to provide for the most thorough understanding of
each term.
The terms are organized alphabetically in each language.
Each term is printed in bold type and capital letters. The
term is followed by a parenthetical classification reference.
Some terms have more than one reference, which helps
to clarify the ways in which they can be used. These references
are defined at the beginning of each language section.
Some words within the definition are also in capital
letters. These are words that are defined elsewhere in the
dictionary. Subsequent use of these words within the same
definition is in lower case letters.
At the end of each definition are translations of the
term itself into French and Spanish. The preferred usage
is listed first, with secondary or less common usages following.
The preferred term is the one that appears in the
other language section.
For example:
Defined
Term References elsewhere
ABSORPTANCE (sol) (meas). The ratio between the SOLAR
RADIATION absorbed by a surface and the total amount of
solar radiation that strikes it.
F - absorptance; coefficient d'absorption
S - coeficiente de absorcion
Spanish
French (preferred term first)
Second reference
This is a measurement (meas) term used in the field of
solar (sol) energy. The term "Solar Radiation" is defined
in the "S" section of the dictionary. The primary translation
of this term into French is "absorptance," though in
some French documents, the term "coefficient d'absorption"
may be found. The translation of this term into Spanish is
"coeficiente de absorcion."
DEFINITION OF ABBREVIATIONS
agri Relating to agriculture.
alc Alcohol production or alcohol fuels.
ani Relating to animal power.
arc Archaic. Terms that are outdated but are still
useful.
auto Relating to internal combustion engines or
automobiles.
bio Relating to the field of biological science or a
biological substance.
biocon Relating to bioconversion. Includes methane and
woodfuel.
chem Relating to the field of chemical science or a
chemical substance.
constr Relating to construction methods, materials, and
structures.
elec Relating to the production and use of electricity.
fos Relating to fossil fuels.
gen General terms, which may apply to various areas of
energy, particularly renewable energy technologies.
geo Geothermal power concepts and applications.
heat Relating to heating or the use of heat for space
heating and to produce other forms of energy.
hydr Relating to water and the application of water
power. Also closed hydraulic systems, which may
use fluids other than water.
impl Implement. Tools, utensils, or devices that work
in conjunction with other equipment.
meas Measuring instruments, scales, or types of
measurement.
ocean Methods or devices for extracting energy from the
ocean.
prod Relating to producer gas.
refrig Relating to refrigerants or methods of
refrigeration.
sol Relating to the field of solar energy.
wind Relating to wind power or other aspects of air
movement.
A
ABSORBENT (refrig). The less VOLATILE of the two working
FLUIDS used in an absorption cooling device.
F - absorbant
S - absorbente
ABSORBENT OIL (refrig). A type of oil used in an absorption
cooling device.
F - huile absorbante
S - aceite absorbente
ABSORBER PLATE (sol). A dark surface that absorbs SOLAR
RADIATION and converts it into heat; a component of a
FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR.
F - plaque d'absorption
S - placa de absorcion
ABSORPTANCE (sol) (meas). The ratio between the SOLAR
RADIATION absorbed by a surface and the total amount of
solar radiation that strikes it.
F - taux d'absorptivite
S - coeficiente de absorcion
ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONER (sol). An air conditioner
designed to use a SOLAR HEATED liquid. Such a system
provides space cooling through use of ABSORBER PLATES,
VOLATILE FLUIDS, HEAT EXCHANGERS, and CONDENSERS.
F - climatiseur a absorption
S - aire acondicionado por absorcion
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION (refrig). A cooling system that
uses heated liquid to activate the chilling process.
F - refrigeration par absorption
S - refrigeracion por absorcion
AC (elec). Abbreviation for ALTERNATING CURRENT.
F - CA
S - C.A.
ACCELERATOR (impl). A mechanism that controls the speed of
a vehicle or other device.
F - accelerateur
S - acelerador
ACCUMULATION (gen) (elec). The action of collecting or
gathering. In electricity, the charging of a BATTERY or
the storage of electric POWER.
F - accumulation
S - acumulacion
ACCUMULATOR (gen). A CELL, SOLAR POND, THERMAL MASS, or
other device to store ENERGY.
F - accumulateur
S - acumulador
AC-DC
AC-DC (elec). Pertaining to a device that will operate on
either ALTERNATING CURRENT or DIRECT CURRENT.
F - CA-CC
S - CA-CC
ACETATE (chem) (sol). A compound composed of the SALTS of
ACETIC ACID or the acetylation products of acetic acid,
such as CELLULOSE acetate. Certain acetates can be used
as GLAZING on SOLAR COLLECTORS.
F - acetate
S - acetato
ACETIC ACID (chem). An important raw material in the
chemical industry. It is a by-product of the DESTRUCTIVE
DISTILLATION of wood. It can also be obtained by oxidizing
ALCOHOL. The chemical make-up of acetic acid is
[CH.sub.3]COOH.
F - acide acetique
S - acido acetico
ACID (bio) (biocon). A compound that dissociates or separates
in a water solution to provide hydrogen ions. Acid
forms a SALT when mixed with ALKALI, and is important in
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION and FERMENTATION.
F - acide
S - acido
ACID DIGESTION (biocon). The "first phase" of BIOGAS production,
in which complex molecules are broken down into
smaller ones.
F - digestion acide
S - digestion de acido
ACID HYDROLYSIS (chem) (alc). A chemical process that uses
ACID to convert STARCH to sugar. This is the "first
phase" in ETHANOL production.
F - hydrolysation acide
S - hidrolisis de acido
ACROMETER (gen) (meas). An instrument used to measure the
density of gases.
F - acrometre
S - acrometro
ACTINOMETER (sol) (meas). An instrument used to measure
DIRECT RADIATION from the sun.
F - actinometre
S - actinometro
ACTIVE DRIED YEAST (alc). YEAST that has been dried, but
in which the yeast cells still can be activated.
F - levure seche active
S - levadura activa secada
ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING (sol). Warming an interior space with
heat collected mechanically through SOLAR COLLECTORS.
The collection and distribution of this warm air requires
additional external ENERGY to operate pumps,
motors, valves, etc.
F - chauffage solaire actif
S - calefaccion solar activa
AIR BRAKES
ADAPTED SEED (biocon). INOCULUM used during the START-UP
of a BIOGAS DIGESTER that has been obtained from another
digester with similar FEEDSTOCK composition and operating
under similar conditions.
F - germe adapte
S - semilla adaptada
ADOBE (constr) (sol). Sun-dried brick of clay and straw.
Also the clay and soil used for making such bricks.
Adobe is high in THERMAL MASS and is useful in low-cost
building construction.
F - adobe
S - adobe
ADSORPTION (chem). The process through which carbonaceous
materials are able to compress and hold on their surfaces
large quantities of gas. Also, the physical adhesion
of molecules to the surfaces of solids without
causing a chemical reaction.
F - adsorption
S - adsorcion
AEOLIAN (wind). (See: EOLIAN)
F - eolien, - ienne
S - eolico
AEROBIC (bio). Pertaining to micro-organisms that require
FREE OXYGEN to live.
F - aerobie
S - aerobio
AEROBIC BACTERIA (bio) (biocon). BACTERIA living on FREE
OXYGEN that is derived from the air. Aerobic bacteria
break down ORGANIC MATTER during COMPOSTING.
F - bacteries aerobies
S - bacteria aerobia
AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION (biocon). (See: AEROBIC BACTERIA)
F - decomposition aerobie
S - descomposicion aerobia
AFFORESTATION (gen). Forest crops established by purposeful
planting on land previously not used for tree crops.
F - boisement
S - conversion en bosque
AFTERBURNER (gen). An air pollution abatement device that
removes undesirable organic gases through incineration.
F - postcombustion
S - quemador auxiliar
AIR BRAKES (wind) (arc). Longitudinal SHUTTERS that are
sometimes incorporated in PATENT SAILS to reduce the
speed of SAIL rotation in strong winds.
F - freins d'ailes
S - frenos de aire
AIR DIFFUSER
AIR DIFFUSER (gen). A device that delivers air into a room
to mix with the room air.
F - diffuseur d'air
S - difusor de aire
AIRFOIL (wind). A curved surface designed to create aerodynamic
LIFT forces when air flows around it.
F - voilure d'aile
S - plano aerodinamico
<FIGURE>
10p06.gif (207x600)
AIR-GAS RATIO (chem). The ratio of the air volume to the
gas volume. It can be adjusted to change the character
of combustion.
F - rapport air-gaz
S - relacion de aire-gas
AIR HEATING SYSTEM (sol). A SOLAR HEATING system, which
heats air in a SOLAR COLLECTOR and uses the heated air
as the HEAT-TRANSFER MEDIUM to the rest of the system.
F - chauffage d'air, systeme de
S - sistema de calefaccion del aire
AIR-TYPE COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR designed to
use air as its HEAT-TRANSFER MEDIUM.
F - capteur a air
S - colector solar tipo aire
AIR VELOCITY (wind). (See: WIND VELOCITY)
F - vitesse d'ecoulement de l'air
S - velocidad del aire
ALBEDO (sol) (meas). The ratio of the amount of light
reflected by a surface to the light falling onto it.
F - albedo
S - albedo
ALCOHOL (chem). A class of compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, which occurs widely in nature and
is used in solvents, antifreezes, chemical manufacture,
and as a fuel. Alcohol commonly is obtained by FERMENTATION.
(See also: BUTYL ALCOHOL, ETHYL ALCOHOL, and
METHYL ALCOHOL)
F - alcool
S - alcohol
ALKALINE BATTERY
ALCOHOL CONDENSER (alc). (See: CONDENSER)
F - condenseur d'alcool
S - condensador de alcohol
ALCOHOL STILL (alc). (See: STILL)
F - alambic de distillation
S - alambique de alcohol
<FIGURE>
10p07.gif (486x486)
ALCOHOL VAPOR (alc). ALCOHOL in its gaseous state.
F - vapeur d'alcool
S - vapor de alcohol
ALGAE (bio) (biocon) (gen). Fresh and saltwater aquatic
plants, usually microscopic in size, but including seaweed.
They are valuable in waste treatment, as a protein
source for humans, as animal feed, and as a FEEDSTOCK
for BIOGAS DIGESTERS.
F - algues
S - algas
ALKALI (chem) (biocon). Any of various BASES, which neutralize
ACIDS to form SALTS. Bases are important in
maintaining the chemical balance in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - alcali
S - alcali
ALKALINE BATTERY (elec). A BATTERY that uses sodium or
potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte, and nickel-oxide
flakes and powdered iron or nickel-cadmium for its
active plates.
F - accumulateur alcalin
S - pila alcalina
ALKANE
ALKANE (chem). A general name for hydrocarbons of the
METHANE series.
F - paraffine
S - alcano
ALTERNATING CURRENT (elec). An electric current that periodically
reverses its direction. Generally abbreviated
as ac.
F - courant alternatif
S - courriente continua
ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINES (auto). Alternatives to the
spark ignition and the diesel combustion engines. Among
the more developed designs are the GAS TURBINE and STIRLING
ENGINES.
F - substituts aux moteurs a combustion
S - motores de combustion alterna
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES (gen). Sources of ENERGY
different from those generally employed by a user. The
term usually refers to RENEWABLE ENERGY sources such as
SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL POWER, HYDROPOWER,
etc. The use of alternative energy sources is attractive
because of the [1] high price and limited availability
of petroleum-based fuels; [2] the pollution that is
associated with the burning of FOSSIL FUELS; and [3] the
expense and dangers of nuclear power.
F - sources d'energie de substitution
S - fuentes alternas de energia
ALTERNATOR (elec). A GENERATOR that changes mechanical
ENERGY into electrical energy (ALTERNATING CURRENT) by
the rotation of its ROTOR. Alternators are used in motor
vehicles to recharge and minimize the drain on the
BATTERY. They are also commonly adapted to be driven by
WINDMILLS or by STEAM TURBINES and WATER TURBINES.
F - alternateur
S - alternador
ALUMINIZED MYLAR (constr) (sol). A very strong, thin sheet
of plastic material coated with aluminum. Used as a
reflective surface for SOLAR COOKERS.
F - Mylar aluminise
S - Milar aluminizado
AMBIENT (gen). Referring to undisturbed environmental
surroundings, particularly to air and temperature.
F - ambiant
S - ambiente
ANAEROBES (bio). (See: ANAEROBIC BACTERIA)
F - anaerobies
S - anaerobes
ANAEROBIC (bio). Pertaining to micro-organisms that can
live in an airless environment.
F - anaerobie
S - anaerobio
ANCHOR
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA (bio) (biocon). BACTERIA, known as
ANAEROBES, that can live in an airless environment by
obtaining oxygen through the DECOMPOSITION of compounds.
F - bacteries anaerobies
S - bacteria anaerobia
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - digesteur anaerobie
S - digestor anaerobio
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (bio) (biocon). The DECOMPOSITION of
ORGANIC MATTER by ANAEROBIC BACTERIA. This process
involves ACID-forming BACTERIA and METHANE-forming
bacteria.
F - digestion anaerobie
S - digestion anaerobia
ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION (bio) (biocon). (See: ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION)
F - fermentation anaerobie
S - fermentacion anaerobia
ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS (bio) (biocon). (See: ANAEROBIC
BACTERIA)
F - organismes anaerobies
S - organismos anaerobios
ANCHOR (wind) (impl). A rod or stake driven into the
ground, to which GUY WIRES for a WINDMILL TOWER are
attached.
F - ancrage
S - ancla
<FIGURE>
10p09.gif (317x317)
ANDIRON
ANDIRON (impl). Raised metal bars placed on a fireplace
hearth to support firewood for burning. Andirons allow
air to pass under the burning wood for more EFFICIENT
combustion.
F - chenets
S - morillo
ANEMOMETER (wind) (meas). An instrument for measuring WIND
SPEED.
F - anenometre
S - anemometro
ANGLE OF ATTACK (wind). The angle between the CHORD of an
AIRFOIL and the wind. It is considered in WINDMILL ROTOR
design.
F - angle d'attaque
S - angulo de ataque
<FIGURE>
10p10.gif (150x437)
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (sol). (See: INCIDENT ANGLE)
F - angle incident
S - angulo de incidencia
ANGLE OF REFLECTION (sol). (See: INCIDENT ANGLE)
F - angle de reflexion
S - angulo de reflexion
ANHYDROUS (alc) (biocon). Free from moisture. The term
applies to oxides, SALTS, and other substances that do
not contain water.
F - anhydre
S - anhidro
ANHYDROUS ALCOHOL (alc). ALCOHOL that is almost completely
free from water. Alcohol must be ANHYDROUS to be mixed
with gasoline to form GASAHOL. Alcohol and water cannot
be separated beyond 199.99 PROOF. At that CONCENTRATION,
they form an AZEOTROPE and vaporize at the same
temperature.
F - alcool anhydre
S - alcohol etilico anhidro
ANIMAL-DRAWN (ani). (See: ANIMAL-POWERED)
F - animal de trait
S - traccion animal
ASH BOX
ANIMAL-POWERED (ani). Driven or impelled by animals.
F - traction animale
S - impulsado por animales
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION (biocon). The process of directly
burning or obtaining ENERGY PRODUCTS from animal wastes.
F - conversion des dechets animaux
S - conversion de los desechos animales
ANNUAL LOAD FRACTION (sol) (meas). That portion of annual
heating that is supplied to a building by SOLAR ENERGY.
F - part de la charge annuelle
S - fraccion de la carga anual
ANNULAR SAIL (wind) (arc). A ring-like SAIL with radial
SHUTTERS.
F - aile annulaire
S - aspa circular
ANTICLOCK SAIL (wind) (arc). A SAIL ROTOR that runs
counterclockwise when observed from the front of the
WINDMILL.
F - aile a rotation positive
S - aspa sinistrorsa
AQUATIC BIOMASS (biocon). BIOMASS grown in fresh or saltwater,
including ALGAE, seaweed, etc.
F - biomasse aquatique
S - biomasa acuatica
AQUEDUCT (hydr). A CHANNEL or trough built to convey water
For irrigation, to operate a HYDROPOWER plant, or for
household use. The water in aqueducts generally flows by
means of gravity, although pumps may also be used.
F - aqueduc
S - acueducto
AQUIFER (hydr). Any geological formation containing water,
especially one that supplies the water for wells,
springs, etc.
F - aquifere
S - acuifera
ARTICULATED WINDMILL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL constructed
to provide maximum EFFICIENCY in winds of various speeds
and from different directions.
F - eolienne articulee
S - molino de viento articulado
ASH BOX (heat). A removable box below the GRATE in a WOOD
STOVE or a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR that collects ash
residue from combustion.
F - cendrier
S - caja de cenizas
ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (elec) (wind). An electrical GENERATOR
that produces ALTERNATING CURRENT, matching an
existing POWER source so the two sources can be combined
to power one LOAD. These generators are often used with
WINDMILLS to provide power to buildings that already
receive power from an electric utility.
F - generateur asynchrone
S - generador asincronico
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (gen). The pressure exerted by the
Earth's atmosphere at any given point, generally measured
on a scale based on the pressure of air at sea
level.
F - pression atmospherique
S - presion atmosferica
ATRIUM (sol). An unroofed, partially roofed, or fully
roofed courtyard or room in a dwelling, which allows
sunlight to reach adjoining rooms. It is often used for
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING.
F - atrium
S - atrio
ATTENUATION (alc). The fall in SPECIFIC GRAVITY of the
WORT during FERMENTATION. This is caused by the weakening
of BACTERIA or FUNGI in a CULTURE.
F - attenuation
S - atenuacion
AUGER (impl) (alc). A rotating, screw-type device that
moves material through a tube. In ALCOHOL production, it
is used to transfer grains from storage to the grinding
site, and from the grinding site to the COOKER.
F - vrille d'alimentation
S - barrena
AUTOMATIC DAMPER (impl). A device that automatically maintains
the FLOW of hot or cold air into a room.
F - registre automatique
S - regulador de tiro automatico
AUTOMATIC TRACKING (sol). The use of a device that allows
SOLAR COLLECTORS to "track" or follow the sun during the
day without manual adjustment.
F - poursuite automatique
S - aparato de seguimiento automatico
AUXILIARY GENERATOR (gen) (elec). A small, engine-driven
GENERATOR that supplements a RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER
source.
F - generateur auxiliaire
S - generador auxiliar
AVAILABLE ENERGY (gen) (meas). That part of the total
ENERGY produced by a system that can be applied usefully.
EFFICIENCY is a measure oF available energy.
F - energie disponible
S - energia disponible
AZEOTROPE
AVERAGE WIND SPEED (wind) (meas). The most common WIND
VELOCITY over a specified period of time.
F - vitesse moyenne du vent
S - velocidad promedio del viento
AXIS (gen). An imaginary line passing through the center
of a body, about which the body rotates. (Plural: axes)
F - axe de rotation
S - axis
AXLE (gen). A supporting member that carries a wheel. It
either rotates with the wheel to transmit mechanical
POWER, or allows the wheel to rotate freely on it.
F - essieu
S - eje
AZEOTROPE (chem) (alc). The chemical term for two liquids
that, at a certain CONCENTRATION, boil at the same
temperature. For example, ETHANOL and water cannot be
separated further than 199.9 PROOF because at this concentration
they form an azeotrope and vaporize together.
F - azeotrope
S - azeotrope
B
BABO'S LAW (biocon). A law stating that the VAPOR PRESSURE
of a liquid is lowered when a non-VOLATILE substance is
dissolved in it. The pressure is lowered by an amount
proportional to the CONCENTRATION of the solution.
F - loi de von Babo
S - ley de Babo
BACKPUFFING (gen). The emission of smoke through cooking
holes or other openings in a wood-burning or CHARCOAL
stove. It occurs when poor DRAFT in the CHIMNEY causes
air to pass back down into the stove.
F - retour de fumee
S - contracorriente de humo
BACK STAYS (wind) (arc). Support bars across the back of
the SAILS of a WINDMILL.
F - galhaubans
S - soporte posterior
BACK WATERING (hydr). The braking effect caused by the
immersion in water of the lowest BLADES of an OVERSHOT
WATER WHEEL.
F - frein d'immersion
S - remanso
BACTERIA (bio). Any of numerous single-celled micro-organisms
occurring in a wide variety of forms, existing
either as free-living organisms or as parasites, having
a wide range of biochemical properties. Bacteria are
necessary for DIGESTION and FERMENTATION. (Singular:
bacterium)
F - bacteries
S - bacteria
BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION (biocon). The chemical breakdown
of ORGANIC MATTER by micro-organisms.
F - decomposition bacterienne
S - descomposicion bacteriana
BAFFLE (gen). A metal plate or other artificial obstruction
used to check or deflect the FLOW of FLUIDS.
F - deflecteur
S - desviador
BAGASSE (biocon). The fibrous residue remaining after the
extraction of the juice from sugar cane. It may be used
as a fuel.
F - bagasse
S - bagazo
BANCO (biocon). (See: LORENA STOVE)
F - banco
S - banco
BASES
BANKI TURBINE (hydr). A WATER TURBINE with curved BLADES,
GUIDE VANES, and a hallow interior. Water passing
through it propels the RUNNER both on entering and leaving.
This turbine operates well under a wide HEAD range
and FLOW rates.
F - turbine de Banki
S - turbina de Banki
<FIGURE>
10p15.gif (486x486)
BAROMETER (meas). A device used to measure ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE.
F - barometre
S - barometro
BASES (alc) (chem). Compounds that dissociate in water
solution to form HYDROXYL ions. Bases react with ACIDS
to form SALTS, and can be used to maintain the proper pH
(POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) balance in an ALCOHOL STILL.
F - bases
S - bases
BATCH DIGESTION
BATCH DIGESTION (biocon). A process of BIOGAS production
in which the material to be digested is loaded into the
DIGESTER at the start of the process. A SEED may also be
added at this time. The digester is then sealed and the
contents left to FERMENT. At completion, the digested
SLUDGE is removed and the tank reloaded. Daily gas production
varies during the process. It is slow at the
start, increases, and finally declines toward the end of
the DIGESTION cycle.
F - digestion a charge initiale
S - digestion por tandas
BATCH DISTILLATION (alc). A batch DISTILLATION process
of ALCOHOL production in which the material to be distilled
is loaded into a STILL at the start of the process.
The entire volume is heated and left to distill.
At completion, the distilled MASH is removed and the
still reloaded. Daily alcohol production varies during
the process. It is slow at the start, increases, and
finally declines toward the end of the distillation
cycle.
F - distillation a charge initiale
S - destilacion intermitente
BATCH FEED (gen). A DIGESTER or STILL in which ORGANIC
MATTER is loaded, allowed to generate gas or FERMENT,
and then removed. The digester or still then is cleaned
and prepared for a fresh load of BIOMASS.
F - alimentation initiale unique
S - alimentacion por tandas
BATCH-LOADING DIGESTER (biocon). (See: BATCH FEED)
F - digesteur a chargement unique
S - digestor de carga intermitente
BATCH PROCESSING (biocon). (See: BATCH FEED)
F - traitement de charges uniques
S - elaboracion por tandas
BATTERY (elec). A group of two or more CELLS or ACCUMULATORS
electrically connected in series or parallel.
Batteries are used to store electrical ENERGY.
F - batterie
S - bateria
BATTERY CUT-OUT (wind) (impl). An automatic switch that
disconnects a BATTERY during its charge if the voltage
of the wind charger falls below or rises above that of
the battery, within certain limits. A battery cut-out is
a battery protection device.
F - coupe-circuit de batterie
S - interruptor de bateria
BEARING (gen). A machine part that supports and guides a
shaft, pivot, or wheel that slides, rotates, or oscillates
in or on it.
F - palier
S - cojinete
<FIGURE>
10p17.gif (256x256)
BERM
BEARING ANGLE (sol). (See: SOLAR AZIMUTH)
F - azimut
S - marcacion
BEAUFORT SCALE (meas) (wind). A scale of WIND VELOCITIES
ranging from 0 to 12 as follows:
WIND VELOCITY
Code Number (mph) Description
0 less than 1 calm
1 1-3 light air
2 4-7 light breeze
3 8-12 gentle breeze
4 13-18 moderate breeze
5 19-24 fresh breeze
6 25-31 strong breeze
7 32-38 moderate gale; near gale
8 39-46 gale
9 47-54 strong gale
10 55-63 whole gale (or storm)
11 64-74 violent storm
12 over 74 hurricane
F - Beaufort, echelle de
S - escala de Beaufort
BEER COLUMN (alc). (See: STRIPPING COLUMN)
F - colonne a biere
S - columna de cerveza
BERM (constr). A manmade mound or small hill of earth
built up against a house to stop the INFILTRATION of hot
or cold air.
F - banquette
S - monticulo
BEVEL GEAR
BEVEL GEAR (gen). One of a pair of gears used to connect
two shafts whose AXES intersect.
F - engrenage conique
S - engranaje biselado
BICYCLE ADAPTER (gen) (impl). A device that can be
attached to a bicycle to supply POWER to pump water,
generate electricity, etc.
F - adaptateur de bicyclette
S - adaptador de bicicleta
BICYCLE GENERATOR (elec). A small GENERATOR that produces
DIRECT CURRENT (dc) electricity through PEDAL POWER.
F - generateur a pedalier
S - generador accionado por bicicleta
BIOCONVERSION (chem) (gen). The conversion of ORGANIC
WASTE into ENERGY PRODUCTS through the action of micro-organisms.
Chemically, this is the reduction of complex
organic compounds into simpler, more stable forms.
F - bioconversion
S - bioconversion
BIOGAS (biocon). The gaseous mixture produced during
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, composed chiefly of METHANE and
carbon dioxide.
F - bio-gaz
S - biogas
BIOGAS DIGESTER (biocon). An airtight vessel in which
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION takes place and from which METHANE
may be drawn off.
F - digesteur de bio-gaz
S - digestor de biogas
<FIGURE>
10p18.gif (540x540)
BITUMEN
BIOGAS GENERATOR (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - generateur de bio-gaz
S - generador de biogas
BIOGAS PLANT (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - reacteur de bio-gaz
S - planta de biogas
BIOLOGICAL ENERGY CONVERSION (biocon). The use of BIOMASS
to convert one form of ENERGY into another.
F - conversion biologique de l'energie
S - conversion biologica de energia
BIOMASS (bio). Plants and plant materials, trees, crop
residues, wood and bark residues, and animal manures.
Any ORGANIC MATTER that can be used in BIOCONVERSION
processes.
F - biomasse
S - biomasa
BIOMASS ENERGY (biocon). The ENERGY that is released from
BIOMASS when it is eaten, burned, or otherwise used as
or converted into fuel.
F - energie de la biomasse
S - energia de biomasa
BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK (biocon). The ORGANIC MATTER used to
produce ENERGY PRODUCTS through BIOCONVERSION.
F - biomasse d'alimentation
S - alimento seco de la biomasa
BIOMASS FUELS (biocon). Fuels, such as METHANE, produced
from BIOMASS.
F - combustibles de la biomasse
S - combustibles de biomasa
BIOMASS YIELD (biocon) (meas). The amount of BIOMASS that
can be produced in a given areA. It usually is expressed
in weight units per area measurement per unit of time.
F - production de biomasse
S - produccion de biomasa
BIOMONITORING (biocon (meas). A pollution-control method
in which living organisms are used to test the EFFLUENT
from a DIGESTER to determine whether it is safe to
discharge the effluent into a body of water. It may also
be used to test the quality of waters downstream from a
digester discharge point.
F - controle biologique
S - biocontrol
BITUMEN (fos). Any naturally-occurring hydrocarbon, especially
solid hydrocarbons such as asphalt, wax, pitch,
and Gilsonite.
F - bitume
S - bitumen
BLACKBODY
BLACKBODY (sol). A surface that completely absorbs all
SOLAR RADIATION that strikes it.
F - corps noir
S - cuerpo negro
BLADE (hydr) (impl) (wind). [1] The curved surface of
certain types of WATER TURBINES (i.e., CROSS-FLOW
TURBINES). Water striking the blades causes the turbine
to rotate. Some turbines, such as the PELTON WHEEL, have
cups instead of blades. [2] A single, extended surface
of a WINDMILL ROTOR.
F - [1] aube; [2] pale
S - [1] paleta; [2] aspa
BLADE ANGLE [1] (wind). The angle of a CHORD of a WINDMILL
BLADE with the ROTOR plane of rotation. [2] (hydr). The
INCIDENT ANGLE of a TURBINE BLADE.
F - [1] angle de pale; [2] angle d'aube
S - [1] angulo del aspa; [2] angulo de la paleta
BORE HOLE (gen). A deep, vertical hole in the earth. Usually
used to describe a well.
F - trou de sondage
S - pozo de sondeo
BRACE SOLAR STEAM COOKER (sol). (See: INSULATED STEAM
COOKER)
F - rechaud a vapeur solaire Brace
S - portahornillo de vapor solar Brace
<FIGURE>
10p20.gif (540x540)
BREAST WHEEL
BRAKE (gen). A device used to slow or stop motion, especially
by contact friction.
F - frein
S - freno
BRAZING (gen). A process by which two pieces of metal are
joined using a nonferrous alloy with a lower melting
point than either of the two metals being joined.
F - brasage
S - soldadura con laton
BREAST BEAM (wind) (arc). The main lateral beam below the
WIND SHAFT.
F - poutrelle maitresse
S - viga de costado
BREAST WHEEL (hydr). A sophisticated type of WATER WHEEL
into which water enters below the top of the wheel and
is kept in the BUCKETS until being discharged at or near
the lowest point on the wheel. Breast wheels generally
operate best with HEADS amounting to less than the
diameter of the wheel. High breast wheels (where the
water enters above the center shaft) can approach 65
percent ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY. (Syn: breast-shot
wheel)
F - roue de poitrine
S - rueda de costado
<FIGURE>
10p21.gif (486x486)
BREEZE
BREEZE (wind). In general, any light to moderate wind.
(See also: BEAUFORT SCALE)
F - brise
S - brisa
BREWER'S DRIED GRAIN (alc). (See: DISTILLER'S GRAIN).
F - grains secs de brasserie
S - grano seco de destilacion
BREWING MASH (alc). Crushed or ground FEEDSTOCK mixed with
warm water in preparation for FERMENTATION during the
production of ETHANOL.
F - mout de brassage
S - mosto
BRINE (refrig). A heavy SALT solution used in REFRIGERATION.
F - saumure
S - salmuera
BRIQUETTE (fos). A type of fuel that has been finely
ground and compressed in pressure molds. It is usually
made from low-grade coal, coke, CHARCOAL, or BIOMASS,
and is mixed with a binder such as STARCH, tar, cement,
pitch, or asphalt.
F - briquette
S - briqueta
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (heat) (meas). The amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of one pound of water
one degree FAHRENHEIT under stated conditions of temperature
and pressure. It is a standard unit for measuring
quantity of HEAT ENERGY. Generally abbreviated as BTU.
F - British thermal unit
S - unidad termica britanica
BUBBLE CAP (alc). A perforated cap on the plates of a
DISTILLATION COLUMN, used to ensure that the vapor and
condensed liquid mix thoroughly.
F - cloche de barbotage
S - casquete de burbujeo
BUBBLE CHAMBER (biocon). A safety device attached to a
BIOGAS DIGESTER to ensure that the gas is free of air,
since an air and gas mixture would be explosive. The gas
is "bubbled" through a container of water before being
used or stored. If LIMEWATER is used instead of water,
the bubble chamber can also be used to SCRUB the gas. In
addition, the bubble chamber serves as a SPARK ARRESTER.
F - chambre a bulles
S - camara de burbujas
BUCKET (hydr). Cup-shaped containers or BLADES attached to
a WATER WHEEL.
F - auget
S - cangilon
BUTYL ALCOHOL
<FIGURE>
10p23.gif (486x486)
BUCKET ANGLE (hydr). The INCIDENT ANGLE of BUCKETS on a
WATER WHEEL.
F - angle d'auget
S - angulo de los cangilones
BUCKET CHAIN (hydr). A chain loop with BUCKETS attached to
it at regular intervals. The chain runs over sprocket
wheels. As each bucket passes by a water source, water
fills the bucket, providing POWER and propelling the
chain further along.
F - noria a godets
S - transportador de cangilones
BUFFER CAPACITY (biocon) (chem). The capacity of a solution
to resist pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) changes when
small amounts of ACID or ALKALI are added. In the case
of DIGESTED SLUDGE, the ammonium and bicarbonate ions
are mainly responsible for buffering.
F - pouvoir tampon
S - capacidad amortiguadora
BUTANOL (alc). (See: BUTYL ALCOHOL).
F - butanol
S - butanol
BUTYL ALCOHOL (alc) (chem). An ALCOHOL obtained by the
FERMENTATION of sugar or cornstarch. The chemical equivalent
of butyl alcohol is [C.sub.4][H.sub.9]OH. (Syn: butanol)
F - alcool butylique
S - alcohol butilico
C
C (meas). Abbreviation for CELSIUS.
F - C
S - C
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (biocon) (chem). A solution that is
often used in BUBBLE CHAMBERS to SCRUB BIOGAS. It is
commonly known as LIMEWATER.
F - hydrate de calcium
S - hidroxido de calcio
CALORIE (gen). The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of water one degree CELSIUS at
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
F - calorie [1]
S - caloria
CAM (gen). An eccentric projection on a revolving shaft,
shaped to produce variable or reciprocating motion in
another contacted or engaged part.
F - came
S - leva
CANAL (gen) (hydr). An artificial watercourse uniting
rivers, lakes, or seas for purposes of inland navigation,
irrigation, or conveyance of water to a HYDROPOWER
device.
F - canal
S - canal
CANISTER (wind) (arc). A piece of metal placed at the
outer end of a ROTOR SPAR to hold the SAIL in place.
F - douille
S - chapa de fijacion
CAP (wind) (arc). The revolving top of a TOWER MILL or
SMOCK MILL.
F - calotte
S - cumbrera
CAPACITY FACTOR (elec) (meas). The total KILOWATT HOURS
of ENERGY consumed divided by the total KILOWATTS
produced by an electricity-generating plant. Generally
calculated on an annual basis.
F - facteur de capacite
S - factor de capacidad
CAPACITY OF THE WIND (wind) (meas). The total amount of
dirt and dust particles of a given kind that can be
sustained per unit volume of air by a wind of a given
velocity.
F - capacite du vent
S - capacidad del viento
CELLULASE
CARBOHYDRATE (alc) (chem). Sugars, STARCHES, CELLULOSE,
and other similar compounds containing carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen only. Carbohydrates are excellent FEEDSTOCK
for an ALCOHOL STILL.
F - hydrates de carbone
S - carbohidrato
CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATIO (biocon). The proportion of carbon
to nitrogen in the material being placed in a BIOGAS
DIGESTER. This ratio is important for maintaining biogas
production. 25:1 is the optimal C/N ratio.
Nitrogen Carbon-Nitrogen
Material Content Ratio
Cow dung 1.7% 25 to 1
Poultry manure 6.3% No carbon
Grass 4.0% 12 to 1
Sheep manure 3.75% No carbon
Urine 15-18% 8 to 1
Wheat straw 0.3% 128 to 1
Potato tops 1.5% 25 to 1
Tomato 3.3% 128 to 1
F - rapport carbone-azote
S - proporcion de carbon a nitrogeno
CARBURETOR (auto). A device for mixing and controlling the
amount of air and fuel supplied to a gasoline engine.
F - carburateur
S - carburador
CASING (sol). The framework housing the components of a
FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR. It is generally made of metal and
lined with material for THERMAL insulation. Inlet and
outlet openings are provided.
F - enveloppe
S - envoltura
CATCHMENT APRON (hydr). A projecting slope on the downstream
side of a SLUICE or dam, which is provided to
withstand the force of falling water.
F - pente de captage
S - plataforma colectora
CELL (elec). A device that generates electricity, traditionally
consisting of two plates or conducting surfaces
placed in an electrolytic FLUID.
F - element
S - celula
CELLULASE (bio) (alc). Any of several ENZYMES found in
FUNGI, BACTERIA, and lower animals that cause CELLULOSE
to break down in water. These enzymes are needed for
ALCOHOL DISTILLATION.
F - cellulase
S - celulase
CELLULOSE
CELLULOSE (chem) (alc). The main POLYSACCHARIDE in living
plants. Cellulose forms the skeletal structure of plant
cell walls and can be HYDROLYZED to form GLUCOSE.
F - cellulose
S - celulosa
CELLULOSIC BIOMASS (biocon). BIOMASS that contains vegetable
matter.
F - biomasse cellulosique
S - biomasa celulosica
CELSIUS (meas). The international temperature scale in
which water freezes at 0 [degrees] and boils at 100 [degrees]. To convert
from degrees Celsius to degrees FAHRENHEIT, multiply the
temperature in degrees Celsius by 9/5 (or 1.8) and add
32. To convert from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees
Celsius, subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature
and then multiply by 5/9. Abbreviated as C. (Syn:
centigrade)
F - Celsius
S - Celsio
CENTIGRADE (meas). (See: CELSIUS).
F - centigrade
S - centigrado
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE (gen). The inertial force repelling a
body away from the center of the curvature of a curved
path along which it is moving, or away from the AXIS
around which it rotates. The opposite of CENTRIPETAL
FORCE.
F - force centrifuge
S - centrifuga, fuerza
CENTRIPETAL FORCE (gen). A force attracting a body toward
the center of the curvature of a curved path along which
it is moving, or toward the AXIS around which it
rotates. The apposite of CENTRIFUGAL FORCE.
F - force centripete
S - centripeta , fuerza
CHALK ADOBE (constr). A method of making ADOBE bricks in
which chalk is added to the clay, straw, and water.
Chalk adobe is useful as a THERMAL MASS.
F - adobe a la chaux
S - mezcla de adobe y creta
CHANNEL (hydr). The bed of a stream or waterway. (See
also: CANAL)
F - chenal [1]
S - cauce
CHARCOAL (fos) (gen). A dark-colored or black porous form
of CARBON made from vegetable or animal substances.
Charcoal commonly is made by charring wood in a KILN or
RETORT from which air is partially excluded. It is used
for FUEL, and in various mechanical, artistic, and
chemical processes. By using DISTILLATION and retorts to
produce charcoal, several valuable products can be collected
that would otherwise be lost, including COMBUSTIBLE
GASES, CREOSOTE OIL, METHANOL, soluble tar, and
combustible pitch.
F - charbon de bois
S - carbon
CHIMNEY CAP
CHARCOAL GAS (prod). (See: PRODUCER GAS)
F - gaz de charbon de bois
S - gas de carbon
CHIMNEY (constr). A vertical passage or FLUE through
which smoke and gases escape from a stove or fireplace.
F - cheminee
S - chimenea
CHIMNEY CAP (constr). A cone, usually made of sheet metal,
placed pointed end up slightly above the top of a CHIMNEY.
It prevents rain and debris from falling into the
chimney.
F - mitre
S - sombrerete de chimenea
<FIGURE>
10p27.gif (486x486)
CHINESE-TYPE DIGESTER
CHINESE-TYPE DIGESTER (biocon). A BIOGAS DIGESTER that is
primarily designed to produce fertilizer. Usually a
FIXED-DOME DIGESTER.
F - digesteur type chinois
S - digestor de tipo chino
<FIGURE>
10p28.gif (486x486)
CHORD (wind). The distance from the LEADING EDGE to the
TRAILING EDGE of an AIRFOIL. The term refers to WINDMILL
BLADE design.
F - profondeur de l'aile
S - profundidad del aspa
CHULA (biocon). A small, wood-burning stove, usually made
of mud, clay, brick, or metal. The term is widely used
in South Asia.
F - chula
S - chula
CIRCULAR FOCUSING COLLECTOR (sol). (See: COMPOUND PARABOLIC
COLLECTOR)
F - capteur circulaire a concentration
S - colector circular de enfoque
CISTERN (hydr). An artificial reservoir or watertight tank
for storing water or other liquids.
F - citerne
S - cisterna
CLAMPS (wind) (arc). Wooden splints bolted to the sides of
the STOCKS, locking the SAIL assembly in the POLL END.
F - eclisses
S - prensas
COLLECTOR
CLEARNESS INDEX (sol) (meas). A SOLAR ENERGY concept
introduced to express the ratio of a particular hour,
day, or month's SOLAR RADIATION on a horizontal surface
to the EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION on that same
surface for the same period of time. It is useful in
calculating DIFFUSE RADIATION and RADIATION falling on a
tilted surface.
F - indice de clarte
S - indice de claridad
CLERESTORY (sol). A vertical window that is placed high in
a wall near the eaves for light, HEAT GAIN, and ventilation.
F - lanterneau
S - claraboya
CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM (sol). A SOLAR HEATING system in which
distilled water, antifreeze, and/or corrosion inhibitors
are circulated through the COLLECTORS and storage tanks
in a closed loop. Heat picked up from the collectors by
the circulating FLUIDS is transferred to the water in
the storage tanks through the closed loop or other HEAT
EXCHANGERS.
F - circuit ferme, systeme de
S - sistema de ciclo cerrado
C/N (biocon). (See: CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO)
F - C/N
S - C/N
COAL GASIFICATION (prod). The combustion of coal to form a
gas suitable for use as a fuel. This is usually done in
a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR.
F - gazeification du charbon
S - gasificacion del carbon
COB ADOBE (constr). A type of ADOBE in which corn cobs are
added to clay, water, and straw. Adobe bricks are reinforced
by this addition of cobs during the brick-making
process. Cob adobe is a useful THERMAL MASS.
F - adobe a la rafle de mais
S - mezcla de paja, arcilla, agua y mazorcas
COLLECTION (sol). The act of trapping SOLAR RADIATION.
F - captation
S - captacion
COLLECTOR (sol). A device to trap SOLAR RADIATION and convert
it into usable heat. The term collector frequently
refers to an insulated frame containing a panel made
from an ABSORBER PLATE and GLAZING. More broadly, a
well-designed building with windows facing the equator
may also be considered a collector, as can other solar
devices that capture SOLAR RADIATION in the form of
heat.
F - capteur
S - colector
COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY
COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY (sol) (meas). The ratio of SOLAR
ENERGY absorbed by a COLLECTOR to the RADIANT ENERGY
falling on the collector.
F - rendement d'un collecteur
S - eficiencia del colector
COLLECTOR/HEAT-EXCHANGER CORRECTION FACTOR (sol) (meas).
An index that indicates how much useful SOLAR ENERGY is
lost during the exchange of heat from the COLLECTOR to
the storage tank in LIQUID-BASED SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS.
F - coefficient de correction capteur-echangeur de
chaleur
S - factor de correccion del colector/termopermutador
COLLECTOR-HEAT REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FACTOR (sol) (meas). The
ratio of actual useful HEAT GAIN of a FLAT-PLATE SOLAR
COLLECTOR to the heat gain if the entire COLLECTOR PLATE
were at the same temperature as the inlet FLUID.
F - coefficient de rendement capteur-echangeur de
chaleur
S - factor de eficiencia del colector-termoextractor
COLLECTOR PLATE (sol). A metal sheet in a SOLAR COLLECTOR
whose primary function is to absorb as much as possible
of the SOLAR RADIATION reaching it through the GLAZING,
while losing as little heat as possible as it transfers
the retained heat to the HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.
F - plaque collectrice
S - placa colectora
COLLECTOR TILT ANGLE (sol) (meas). The angle between the
plane of the horizon and the surface of a SOLAR COLLECTOR,
generally used to maximize the COLLECTION of SOLAR
RADIATION.
F - inclinaison d'un capteur
S - angulo de inclinacion del colector
COMBUSTIBLE GAS (biocon) (prod). Gas that will burn. This
includes BIOGAS, PRODUCER GAS, and other VOLATILE
FLUIDS.
F - gaz combustible
S - gas combustible
COMBUSTION CHAMBER (heat). The place in a stove where fuel
is burned.
F - chambre de combustion
S - camara de combustion
COMBUSTION ZONE (prod). The section in a PRODUCER GAS
GENERATOR in which the FEEDSTOCK is burned.
F - zone de combustion
S - zona de combustion
COMMON SAIL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL SAIL that is covered
with a canvas cloth.
F - aile de moulin
S - aspa comun
CONING
COMPOSTED SLUDGE (biocon). SLUDGE that has been rendered
relatively PATHOGEN-free through COMPOSTING. It generally
can be used safely as fertilizer.
F - boues compostees
S - composte de lodos cloacales
COMPOSTING (biocon). AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION of ORGANIC
MATTER. The resulting material is used as a fertilizer.
F - compostage
S - composte
COMPOUND PARABOLIC COLLECTOR (sol). A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR
using parabolic REFLECTORS.
F - capteur parabolique compose
S - colector parabolico compuesto
CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR that uses
REFLECTORS to concentrate DIRECT RADIATION from the sun
onto a narrow ABSORBER PLATE to produce intense heat.
F - capteur a concentration [1]
S - colector concentrador
CONCENTRATING PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY (sol). A series of lenses
or mirrors used to concentrate SOLAR RADIATION onto
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, which convert the sunlight into
electricity. The concentrated sunlight increases the
output of each cell, thus reducing the total number of
cells required to produce a given amount of electricity.
(See also: PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY)
F - groupe photovoltaique de concentration
S - conjunto concentrador fotovoltaico
CONCENTRATING THERMAL COLLECTOR (sol). (See: CONCENTRATING
COLLECTOR)
F - capteur thermique a concentration
S - colector termico concentrador
CONCENTRATION (gen). The amount of a substance contained
in a FLUID per unit volume.
F - concentration
S - concentracion
CONDENSER (gen) (impl). A device used to change a vapor
into a liquid. This can be done either by exposing to
air a tube that contains vapor, or by passing the tube
through a WATER JACKET.
F - condenseur
S - condensador
CONDUCTION (heat). Heat transfer from direct contact
between a hot body and a cold body.
F - conduction
S - conduccion
CONING (wind). The practice of tilting up the WIND SHAFT
of a WIND MACHINE at a small angle.
F - fuseler
S - movimiento de la pala
CONTINUOUS DIGESTION
CONTINUOUS DIGESTION (biocon). The continuous feeding of
BIOMASS into a BIOGAS DIGESTER, with the removal of an
equivalent volume of EFFLUENT. The process is usually
started with the addition of a SEED. It may take several
DETENTION TIMES before the process becomes steady. For
many purposes, this is a more EFFICIENT and convenient
process than BATCH DIGESTION. Processes involving daily
addition and removal are more properly described as
semi-continuous.
F - digestion en continu
S - digestion continua
CONTINUOUS FLOW DIGESTER (biocon). A DIGESTER into which
BIOMASS may be loaded and gas and EFFLUENT recovered
without discontinuing digestion.
F - digesteur a flux continu
S - digestor de circulacion continua
CONTINUOUS PROCESSING (biocon). (See: CONTINUOUS DIGESTION)
F - traitement en continu
S - proceso continuo
CONTINUOUS STILL (alc). An ALCOHOL STILL into which MASH
may be loaded and ALCOHOL recovered without discontinuing
alcohol production.
F - alambic a distillation continue
S - alambique continuo
CONTROLLED BURNING ATMOSPHERE (fos). An atmosphere in
which oil or natural gas is burned with just enough oxygen
to prevent all the carbon from being consumed. The
recovered carbon may be used as a fuel.
F - atmosphere a combustion controlee
S - atmosfera de combustion controlada
CONVECTION (heat). The transfer of heat between one location
or surface and another by the motion of a heat-carrying
FLUID. Also, the transfer of heat within a
fluid by movements within the fluid.
F - convection
S - conveccion
CONVECTION AIR COOLER (refrig). A non-electric cooler that
depends on the natural circulation of air.
F - refroidisseur par convection d'air
S - enfriador de aire por conveccion
CONVERSION PROCESS (gen). A process through which ENERGY
is converted from one form to another, such as RADIANT
ENERGY into heat or electric energy.
F - conversion
S - proceso de conversion
COOKER (alc). A heated tank with an AGITATOR that heats
the MASH as part of the ALCOHOL production process.
F - chaudiere de cuisson
S - caldera de coccion
CROSS-FLOW TURBINE
COOKING (alc). A heating and stirring process that breaks
down STARCH granules, thus making the starch available
for the liquefaction and SACCHARIFICATION steps of the
ALCOHOL manufacturing process.
F - cuisson
S - coccion
COOK STOVE (biocon). An apparatus in which fuel is burned
to produce heat for cooking.
F - cuisiniere
S - estufa
CO-PRODUCT (alc). Substances resulting from the production
of ETHANOL by FERMENTATION.
F - coproduit
S - coproducto
CORRUGATED METAL SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol). A type of SOLAR
COLLECTOR that uses a corrugated metal as its ABSORBER
PLATE. The metal is usually painted with FLAT BLACK
PAINT.
F - capteur solaire en tole ondulee
S - colector solar de metal corrugado
COVER (sol). (See: GLAZING)
F - revetement
S - revestimiento
COVER PLATE (sol). The transparent material placed over a
COLLECTOR-ABSORBER PLATE so that heat loss to the atmosphere
is reduced and a greater fraction of the SOLAR
RADIATION is collected as useable heat.
F - plaque de couverture
S - placa revestidora
CREOSOTE OIL (gen). A by-product from CHARCOAL production
by DISTILLATION. It may be used as a preservative to
protect wood from termites, moisture, etc.
F - huile de creosote
S - aceite de creosota
CRETAN SAIL WINDMILL (wind). (See: CRETAN WINDMILL)
F - moulin a ailes cretois
S - molino de viento con aspas cretanas
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CRETAN WINDMILL (wind). A type of HORIZONTAL AXIS SAIL
ROTOR WINDMILL generally having four fixed, triangular
SAILS. Cretan windmills are used primarily for low-lift
water pumping.
F - moulin a vent cretois
S - molino de viento cretano
CROSS (wind) (arc). A cruciform iron support for the sail
assembly, used as an alternative to the POLL END.
F - croix
S - aspa de hierro
CROSS-FLOW TURBINE (hydr). (See: BANKI TURBINE)
F - turbine a ecoulement radial
S - turbina con rodete de tambor
CROSSWIND
CROSSWIND (wind). Winds blowing crosswise to the direction
of the wind stream.
F - vent de travers
S - viento de costado
CULTURE (bio). A preparation containing micro-organisms
that are growing on a medium.
F - bouillon de culture
S - cultivo
CUP ANEMOMETER
CUP ANEMOMETER (wind) (meas). An ANEMOMETER with three or
four cups that rotate with the wind to measure wind
speed.
F - anemometre a coquilles
S - anemometro de tazas
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CUPS
CUPS (hydr). Bowl shaped BLADES found on PELTON WHEELS and
other types of IMPULSE TURBINES.
F - godets
S - tazas
<FIGURE>
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CURB (wind) (arc). In SMOCK MILLS and TOWER MILLS, the
circular timber rim or wall plate supporting the revolving
cap.
F - chemin de glissement
S - apoyo circular
CURRENT (elec). The FLOW of electrons through a conductor.
F - courant
S - corriente
CUT-IN SPEED (wind). The WIND VELOCITY at which a WIND
MACHINE is activated.
F - vitesse d'enclenchement
S - velocidad de accionamiento
CUT-OUT SPEED (wind). The WIND VELOCITY at which a WIND
MACHINE turns out of the wind. (See also: BATTERY
CUT-OUT)
F - vitesse de disjonction
S - velocidad de interrupcion
CYLINDER (hydr). In hydraulic systems, a short, hollow
metal tube containing a piston, piston rod, and end
seals, and fitted with a system to allow the entrance
and exit of FLUIDS.
F - cylindre
S - cilindro
D
DAM (hydr). A structure that detains the FLOW of water in
an open CHANNEL or watercourse. POWER dams raise the
level of streams or rivers to create or concentrate HEAD
for power purposes.
F - barrage
S - represa
<FIGURE>
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DAMPER (heat). A movable plate or other device for regulating
the air-FLOW and burning rate in a stove. It is
often located either inside the stove or in the FLUE
pipe.
F - registre
S - regulador de tiro
<FIGURE>
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DARRIEUS ROTOR WINDMILL (wind). A VERTICAL AXIS WIND
MACHINE that has long, thin, loop-shaped BLADES connected
at the top and bottom of the WIND SHAFT.
F - eolienne a rotor de Darrieus
S - molino de viento de rotor Darrieus
<FIGURE>
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DC (elec). Abbreviation for DIRECT CURRENT.
F - CC
S - C.C.
DDG (alc). Abbreviation for DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAINS.
(See: DISTILLER'S GRAINS)
F - GSB
S - G.S.D.
DEADMAN
DDGS (alc). Abbreviation for DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAINS and
SOLUBLES. (See: DISTILLER's GRAIN)
F - G.S.B.S.
S - G.S.D.S.
DEAD AIR SPACE (constr) (sol). An empty area within the
walls of a building in which the air remains motionless
and acts as insulation. Dead air space may be included
in a SOLAR COLLECTOR between the ABSORBER PLATE and the
GLAZING, between glazings, and in the CASING.
F - espace d'air inerte
S - espacio de aire no renovado
DEAD CURB (wind) (arc). A ledge supporting the CAP of a
WINDMILL without the interposition of WHEELS or ROLLERS.
F - chemin dormant
S - reborde
DEADMAN (wind). A log or a mass of concrete or steel
buried in the ground, to which GUY WIRES for supporting
towers and poles are attached.
F - point fixe d'ammarage
S - macizo de anclaje
<FIGURE>
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DECOMPOSITION
DECOMPOSITION (bio) (chem). Decay of ORGANIC MATTER due to
the action of BACTERIA. Also the separation of a substance
into its component parts by chemical action.
F - decomposition
S - descomposicion
DEEP CYCLE BATTERY (elec) (wind). A BATTERY that can be
fully charged and discharged without shortening its
life. They are often used with WIND GENERATORS.
F - batterie a cycle profond
S - bateria de gran ciclo
DEGREE DAY COOLING (gen) (meas). A measurement used to
evaluate the summer cooling requirements of a given
location. Each degree that the daily temperature is
above 75 [degrees] F (24 [degrees] C), one cooling degree day is counted.
F - degre-jour de refroidissement
S - enfriamiento de grado-dia
DEGREE DAY HEATING (gen) (meas). A measurement used to
determine the winter heating requirements of a given
location. Each degree that the daily temperature is
below 65 [degrees] F (19 [degrees] C) is a heating degree day.
F - degre-jour de chauffage
S - calefaccion de grado-dia
DIGESTED SLURRY
DEHYDRATION (gen). The removal of moisture from a
substance.
F - deshydratation
S - deshidratacion
DENATURE (alc). The process of adding a substance, often
METHANOL, to ETHANOL to make it unfit for human
consumption.
F - denaturer
S - desnaturalizar
DEPHLEGMATOR (alc). (See: ALCOHOL STILL)
F - deflegmateur
S - desflegmador
DESIGN HEAT LOAD (heat) (meas). The total heat loss from a
building during the most severe winter conditions the
building is likely to experience.
F - charge thermique nominale
S - carga de calefaccion prevista
DESSICANT (gen). A substance with an affinity for water,
used for drying purposes.
F - dessiccatif
S - desecante
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION (alc) (gen). The heating, DECOMPOSITION,
and subsequent DISTILLATION of FLUIDS from
ORGANIC MATTER (e.g., METHANOL production from wood).
F - distillation destructive
S - destilacion destructora
DETENTION TIME (biocon) (meas). The amount of time that
incoming material is retained in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - temps de retention
S - periodo de detencion
DIFFUSED RADIATION (sol). Indirect, scattered sunlight,
which casts no shadow. It is the opposite of DIRECT
RADIATION.
F - rayonnement diffus
S - radiacion difusa
DIFFUSION (chem). The process by which a substance of a
greater CONCENTRATION mixes with a substance of a lesser
concentration to produce a uniform mixture.
F - diffusion
S - difusion
DIGESTED SLUDGE (biocon). The residue remaining after
DIGESTION. Digested sludge contains some UNDIGESTED
SOLIDS and stabilized ORGANIC MATTER.
F - boues digerees
S - sedimento digerido
DIGESTED SLURRY (biocon). (See: DIGESTED SLUDGE)
F - boue digeree
S - fango digerido
DIGESTER
DIGESTER (biocon). The tank in which ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
takes place.
F - digesteur
S - digestor
DIGESTER TANK (bio). The reservoir area in a BIOGAS DIGESTER
in which DIGESTION of ORGANIC MATTER takes
place. It usually has some gas holding capacity, and
provides For the collection and removal of SCUM and
SLUDGE.
F - reservoir digesteur
S - tanque digestor
DIGESTION (biocon). The process by which ORGANIC MATTER is
decomposed by the action of ANAEROBIC BACTERIA, producing
METHANE and high-grade fertilizer.
F - digestion
S - digestion
DILUTION RATE (biocon) (meas). The frequency with which
water is added to a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - taux de dilution
S - tasa de dilucion
DIRECT CONVERSION (sol). The transformation of sunlight to
electricity without an intervening thermodynamic cycle.
F - conversion directe
S - conversion directa
DIRECT CURRENT (elec). A continuous, one-directional FLOW
of electricity, such as that from a BATTERY. Commonly
abbreviated as dc.
F - courant continu
S - corriente continua
DIRECT GAIN SYSTEM (sol). (See: DIRECT SOLAR GAIN)
F - gain direct, systeme de
S - sistema de ganancia directa
DIRECT METHODS OF SOLAR HEATING (sol). SOLAR HEATING techniques
in which SOLAR RADIATION enters a building
through windows and SKYLIGHTS and is trapped inside to
warm a room.
F - chauffage solaire direct
S - metodos directos de calefaccion solar
DIRECT RADIATION (sol). Sunlight that has traveled a
straight path from the sun. It is the opposite of
DIFFUSED RADIATION.
F - rayonnement direct
S - radiacion directa
DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY (sol). ENERGY acquired From conversion
of DIRECT RADIATION.
F - energie solaire directe
S - energia solar directa
DOUBLE-GLAZING
DIRECT SOLAR GAIN (sol). A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING system in
which SOLAR RADIATION passes through and warms a room in
a dwelling before being stored in THERMAL MASS for
longterm heating.
F - apport solaire direct
S - ganancia solar directa
DISCHARGE PIPE (hydr) (biocon). [1] The pipe through which
water exits from a WATER TURBINE. [2] The outlet for
EFFLUENT from a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - [1] tube de decharge; [2] tuyau d'evacuation
S - tubo de descarga
DISTILLATE (alc). The portion of a liquid that is removed
from a solid or semisolid as a vapor and CONDENSED
during the DISTILLATION process. ETHANOL is a distillate
of FERMENTED MASH. (See also: SOLAR DISTILLATE)
F - distillat
S - destilado
DISTILLATION (alc). An evaporation and recondensation
process by which liquids are separated into various
fractions according to their boiling points. ETHANOL is
separated by distillation from MASH and water.
F - distillation
S - destilacion
DISTILLATION COLUMN (alc). (See: STILL COLUMN)
F - colonne de distillation
S - columna de destilacion
DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAIN (DDG) (alc). (See: DISTILLER'S
GRAIN)
F - grains secs de brasserie (GSB)
S - grano seco de destilacion (GSD)
DISTILLER'S GRAIN (alc). A by-product of ETHANOL production.
Once ethanol has been driven from the MASH in an
ALCOHOL STILL, the remaining solids are known as distiller's
grain. When dried, these grains can be used as
high protein animal feed. The dried distiller's grain
commonly is abbreviated as DDG. (Syn: BREWER'S DRIED
GRAIN)
F - grains de distillerie
S - grano de destilacion
DISTILLER'S MASH (alc). (See: SPENT MASH)
F - mout de distillateur
S - mezcla de destilacion
DOUBLE CHAMBER (biocon). A type of BIOGAS DIGESTER in
which the GASHOLDER is separate from the DIGESTER TANK.
F - chambre double
S - camara doble
DOUBLE-GLAZING (sol). [1] A cover for a SOLAR COLLECTOR
that is made from two layers of GLAZING materials. [2]
Double-glass windows designed to serve as insulation for
buildings.
F - [1] vitre double; [2] double vitrage
S - vidriado doble
DOUBLE-SHUTTERED
DOUBLE-SHUTTERED (wind) (arc). PATENT SAILS or SPRING
SAILS fitted with SHUTTERS on both sides of the WHIP.
F - double volets, a
S - doble postigo
DOWNCOMER (alc) (impl). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL.
When water is separated from ALCOHOL during DISTILLATION,
the water falls toward the bottom of the STILL
COLUMN through a pipe called a downcomer.
F - deversoir
S - tubo de descenso
DOWNDRAFT (gen) (prod). [1] A type of PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR
in which air and gas FLOWS from the top of the COMBUSTION
ZONE down through to the bottom. [2] KILNS or
other types of ovens and stoves in which CONVECTION or
combustion air flows down through the device.
F - [1] tirage en bas; [2] tirage inverse
S - corriente descendiente
DOWNWIND (wind). On the side opposite the WIND DIRECTION.
F - sous le vent
S - con el viento
<FIGURE>
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DRYING BED
DRAFT (heat). The FLOW of air through a KILN, stove, oven,
fireplace, PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR, etc. Draft affects
both temperature and rate of combustion.
F - tirage
S - tiro de aire
DRAG (wind). An aerodynamic force that retards the motion
of lift-type ROTOR blades, or that causes BLADE motion
in DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINES.
F - trainee
S - resistencia aerodinamica
DRAG-TYPE SYSTEM (wind). WIND MACHINES that are actuated
by aerodynamic DRAG in a WIND STREAM (e.g., SAVONIUS
ROTOR).
F - type a trainee, systeme du
S - sistema del tipo de arrastre
DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINE (wind). A WIND MACHINE that rotates
by being pushed by the wind instead of by being driven
by LIFT forces. This is generally a slow-moving device.
F - eolienne a trainee
S - aerogenerador del tipo de arrastre
DRAIN DOWN SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR that
will automatically drain itself to protect against
freezing.
F - capteur solaire a evacuation automatique
S - colector solar con drenaje
DRY BIOMASS (gen). Moisture-free BIOMASS. It is valuable
because it can be conveniently stored for long periods
of time. (See also: DRY ORGANIC WASTE)
F - biomasse seche
S - biomasa seca
DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE (meas). The temperature of air as
indicated by a standard thermometer, as contrasted with
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE that depends on atmospheric humidity.
This measure of AMBIENT temperature is used in
designing PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING
systems.
F - temperature au thermometre sec
S - temperatura de bola seca
DRY DIGESTION (biocon). DIGESTION in which more than 10
percent of the SLURRY is solid material.
F - digestion seche
S - digestion seca
DRYING BED (biocon). An area prepared for drying EFFLUENT
after it hs been removed from a METHANE DIGESTER. Dried
effluent can be used as fertilizer or as animal feed.
F - lit de sechage
S - lecho secador
DRY ORGANIC WASTE
DRY ORGANIC WASTE (gen). ORGANIC WASTE that is free from
moisture. This type of waste can be stored for long
periods before being used as a fuel or fertilizer. (See
also: DRY BIOMASS)
F - dechets organiques secs
S - desperdicios organicos secos
DRY SLURRY (biocon). SLURRY that is more than 10 percent
solid material.
F - boue seche
S - fango seco
DRY STEAM (geo). An ENERGY source obtained when hot water
boils in an underground reservoir. As the steam rises,
some of it condenses on surrounding rack. The uncondensed
steam that reaches the surface is called dry
steam, and may be tapped and used in STEAM TURBINES.
F - vapeur seche
S - vapor seco
DUAL-FUEL ENGINE (auto) (gen). A gasoline or diesel
engine equipped to operate on an alternative fuel,
either alternately or in combination (e.g., gasoline-BIOGAS,
diesel-biogas, gasoline-WOOD GAS, diesel-wood
gas).
F - moteur polycarburant
S - motor a doble combustible
DYNAPOD
DUNG (bio). Manure, usually without urine. Dried dung can
be burned directly as a fuel or used as a fertilizer.
F - fumier
S - estiercol
DUNG GAS (biocon). (See: BIOGAS)
F - gaz de fumier
S - gas de estiercol
DYNAMO (elec). A device for converting mechanical ENERGY
into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction.
Dynamos are often adapted to be driven by WINDMILLS.
(See also: ALTERNATOR)
F - dynamo
S - dinamo
DYNAPOD (gen) (impl). A pedal-operated POWER source. It is
used to drive a variety of machines and devices.
F - dynapod
S - dynapod
<FIGURE>
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E
EARTH KILN (heat). A relatively inefficient KILN made by
mounding earth over the materials to be burned. Used in
traditional CHARCOAL production.
F - meule a charbon de bois
S - horno de tierra
<FIGURE>
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ECCENTRIC WHEEL (gen). A wheel in which the axle is not at
the center point, but slightly off-center.
F - roue excentrique
S - rueda excentrica
<FIGURE>
10p48b.gif (317x317)
ECONOMIZER (heat). A HEAT EXCHANGER that recovers heat
from FLUE gases and uses it to heat feedwater or combustion
air.
F - economiseur
S - economizador
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
EFFECTIVENESS (heat) (meas). The ratio of actual heat
transfer in a HEAT EXCHANGER to the maximum possible
heat transfer.
F - efficacite
S - eficacia
EFFICIENCY (gen). The ratio of the ENERGY output to the
energy input. Efficiency is usually expressed as a
percentage.
F - rendement
S - eficiencia
EFFLUENT (biocon). [1] SLURRY that has been removed from a
BIOGAS PLANT. [2] Liquid sewage after having passed
through any stage in its purification.
F - effluent
S - efluente
EMISSIVITY (sol). The ratio of RADIANT ENERGY emitted by a
body to that emitted by a perfect BLACKBODY. A perfect
blackbody has an emissivity of one; a perfect REFLECTOR,
an emissivity of zero.
F - emissivite
S - emisividad
EMITTANCE (sol) (meas). A rating of the ability of a
material to give off heat as RADIANT ENERGY.
F - emittance
S - emitancia
ENERGY (gen). The capacity of a body to do work; POWER in
action.
F - energie
S - energia
ENERGY CAPABILITY OF AN ELECTRICITY-PRODUCING DEVICE (gen)
(meas). The maximum amount of electricity that an
electricity-producing device may produce under the best
conditions during a given period. ENERGY capability is
determined by the mechanical EFFICIENCY of the device.
F - capacite energetique d'un dispositif produisant du
courant
S - capacidad energetica de un aparato productor de
electricidad
ENERGY CONSERVATION (gen). Practices and measures that
increase the EFFICIENCY with which ENERGY is used or
produced.
F - conservation de l'energie
S - conservacion de energia
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (gen). The amount of ENERGY consumed in
the form in which it is obtained by the user. This term
excludes electrical generation and distribution losses.
It also is called net energy consumption.
F - consommation d'energie
S - consumo de energia
ENERGY CONVERSION
ENERGY CONVERSION (gen). The act of changing ENERGY from
one form to another (e.g., WIND ENERGY to mechanical
energy).
ENERGY CONVERSION OF PRACTICAL, RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEMS - Maximum Efficiency
Wind Generator 40%
Mechanical Water Turbine 68-93% Electrical
Steam Power Plant 40%
Mechanical Windmill 20-30% Mechanical
Waterwheel 70-85%
Solar Flat Collector 40-60% Thermal
Concentrator 80-90% (Heat)
Chemical Wood Combustion Burner Thermal
85% maximum (Heat)
Chemical Battery 80% (Storage) Electrical
Chemical Biogas Digester 40-60% Chemical
F - conversion de l'energie
S - conversion de energia
ENERGY PATTERN FACTOR (wind). The ratio of the available
ENERGY in all of the winds in a particular location over
a certain period of time to the energy that would be
available if the WIND SPEED over that period of time
were constant at the mean wind speed over that period of
time.
F - coefficient de diagramme energetique
S - factor energetico del viento
ENERGY PRODUCTS (gen). Fuels that can be used to produce
ENERGY. Also, the by-products that result when fuels are
produced.
F - combustibles energetiques
S - productos energeticos
ENERGY STORAGE (gen) (meas). The ability to convert ENERGY
into other forms, such as heat or a chemical reaction,
so that it can be retrieved for later use. Also the
development, design, construction, and operation of
devices for storing energy until needed. The technology
includes devices such as batteries, pumped storage for
hydroelectric generation and compressed gas.
F - stockage de l'energie
S - almacenamiento de energia
ENHANCEMENT (sol). Increasing the amount of sunlight
transmitted through the GLAZING in a SOLAR COLLECTOR
through the use of a REFLECTOR.
F - renforcement
S - intensificacion
EQUINOX
RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE
Storage
Storage Efficien- Major Loss (*) (**)
Medium cy (%) Characteristics A B
SOLAR Water 75-90 Leaks (therma] 2 1
(Heat) & physical)
Earth varies Leaks (thermal) 1 1
Rock 60-80 Leaks (thermal) 2 2
Salt Hy- 75-95 Material Break- 3 3
drates down
WIND/WATER Pumped 50-70 Evaporation 1 2
(Mechanical) Water Friction
Compressed 40-50 Leaks 2 2
Air (com- Friction
pressed)
WIND/WATER Battery 70-85 Internal 3 3
(Electrical) Discharge
METHANE Tank Leaks 1 2
Tank (com- 50-60 3 3
pressed)
ALCOHOL Tank Leaks
Evaporation 1 1
(*) A Relative Cost 1. Negligible
2. Intermediate
(**) B Degree of Mechanical Complexity 3. Considerable
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS (alc). The use of ENZYMES to convert
STARCH into simple sugars. This is a stage in the production
of ETHANOL.
F - saccharification enzymatique
S - hidrolisis enzimica
ENZYMES (chem) (alc). Organic substances that are produced
in the cells of living organisms, and which cause specific
chemical changes. Enzymes are produced by BACTERIA
or FUNGI and are used in the liquefication and SACCHARIFICATION
steps of ALCOHOL production.
F - enzymes
S - enzimas
EOLIAN (wind). Of, relating to, formed by, or deposited by
the wind or air currents. (Syn: Aeolian)
F - eolien, eolienne
S - eolico
EQUINOX (sol). Either of two times of year when the sun
passes over the celestial equator and when the length of
day and night are almost equal.
F - equinoxe
S - equinoccio
ETHANOL
ETHANOL (alc). A Flammable organic compound (C[H.sub.3]C[H.sub.2]OH)
formed during sugar FERMENTATION. It is also called
ethyl alcohol, GRAIN ALCOHOL, or simply ALCOHOL.
F - ethanol
S - etanol
ETHYL ALCOHOL (alc). (See: ETHANOL)
F - alcool ethylique
S - alcohol etilico
EUTECTIC SALTS (heat). Heat storing salts that melt at a
relatively low temperature. They absorb large quantities
of heat when they do melt. Heat is released when the
salts freeze.
F - eutectiques
S - sales eutecticos
EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR that
uses a vacuum to insulate the ABSORBER PLATE. This
COLLECTOR is highly EFFICIENT but very expensive.
F - capteur a tube vide
S - colector con tubo vaciado
EVAPORATIVE COOLING (refrig). The exchange of heat from
air to a water spray or wet surface through a reversible
THERMODYNAMIC process. Air passing through the water is
cooled as the water evaporates. The process can be
reversed by condensing the vapor on a cool surface.
F - refroidissement par evaporation
S - enfriamiento evaporante
EXCESS AIR (heat). Air that passes through a COMBUSTION
ZONE in excess of the quantity theoretically required
for complete combustion.
F - exces d'air
S - aire excesivo
EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION (sol) (meas). The amount
of SOLAR RADIATION that would strike a surface if that
surface were outside the Earth's atmosphere. (See also:
CLEARNESS INDEX)
F - rayonnement solaire extraterrestre
S - radiacion solar extraterrestre
F
F (meas). Abbreviation for FAHRENHEIT.
F - F
S - F
FAHRENHEIT (meas). The temperature scale in which water
freezes at 32 [degrees] F and boils at 212 [degrees] F. Temperatures of the
Fahrenheit scale can be converted to equivalent temperatures
on the CELSIUS or Centigrade scale by first subtracting
32 [degrees] from the Fahrenheit temperature, then
multiplying the result by 5/9 according to the formula:
(F -32) X 5/9 = C.
F - Fahrenheit
S - Fahrenheit
FALL WIND (wind). A strong, cold, downhill wind.
F - vent catabatique
S - racha de viento
FANTAIL (wind) (arc). A small, secondary ROTOR set at a
right angle to the main ROTOR of a WINDMILL to provide
the motive POWER to turn the CAP to face the wind.
F - gouvernail
S - timon
FARM WINDMILL (wind). A multi-BLADED WINDMILL that is
based on an Early American design and is used primarily
for water pumping.
F - eolienne de ferme
S - molino de viento rural
<FIGURE>
10p54.gif (486x317)
FEATHER (wind). Turning the SAILS or the ROTOR of a WIND
MACHINE out of the wind to protect the device from
damage from high WIND VELOCITIES.
F - mettre en drapeau
S - poner en bandolera
FEATHERING MECHANISM (wind) (impl). A mechanism on a
WINDMILL that automatically turns the BLADES out of the
wind when winds are too strong. This slows the windmill,
protecting it from damage in high winds.
F - mecanisme de mise en drapeau
S - mecanismo de puesta en bandolera
FEED (gen). See: FEEDSTOCK)
F - alimentation
S - alimento
FEEDSTOCK (gen). The raw ORGANIC MATTER, such as grain,
fruit, DUNG, or other BIOMASS, used as the INFLUENT in
the FERMENTATION or DIGESTION processes.
F - charge d'alimentation
S - materia prima organica
FARM WINDMILL
FIRE BRICK
FENESTRATION (sol). An opening in a building that admits
light and/or air.
F - fenestration
S - ventanaje
FERMENT (biocon). A transformation or DECOMPOSITION of
ORGANIC MATTER by the catalytic effect of ENZYMATIC
action. To cause or undergo the action of FERMENTATION.
F - fermenter
S - fermentar
FERMENTABLE SUGAR (alc). (See: MONOSACCHARIDE)
F - sucre fermentable
S - azucar fermentable
FERMENTATION (alc) (chem). [1] A biological sequence of
ENZYMATIC reactions that convert sugars to carbon dioxide
and ALCOHOL in the absence of FREE OXYGEN. The term
generally refers to metabolism in the absence of oxygen.
[2] The process by which YEAST changes sugar to
ALCOHOL in the absence of air. [3] The process of
chemical change in ORGANIC MATTER brought about by
living organisms.
F - fermentation
S - fermentacion
FERMENTATION PERIOD (gen) (meas). The length of time
required for a substance to FERMENT.
F - duree de fermentation
S - periodo de fermentacion
FERMENTATION TANK (alc). The container in which FERMENTATION
takes place in an ETHANOL production operation.
F - cuve de fermentation
S - tanque de fermentacion
FERMENTER (gen). (See: FERMENTATION TANK)
F - fermenteur
S - fermentador
FETCH AREA (wind). The geographic area over which the wind
passes shortly before reaching a WIND MACHINE. It is
considered in the selection of a site for a wind-powered
device.
F - portee du vent
S - extension expuesta
FIRE BACK (constr). A metal plate set in a CHIMNEY to control
the back DRAFT of flames.
F - contre-feu
S - respaldo refractario
FIREBOX (gen). The area in a stove, oven, or PRODUCER
GAS GENERATOR in which combustion occurs.
F - chambre de combustion
S - caja refractaria
FIRE BRICK (constr). A type of brick with a high melting
point that is used to line FLUES, CHIMNEYS, furnaces,
and fireplaces.
F - brique refractaire
S - ladrillo refractario
FIXED-DOME DIGESTER
FIXED-DOME DIGESTER (biocon). A BIOGAS DIGESTER in which
the gasholder is an integral part of the digester,
rather than a FLOATING GAS CAP. This type of digester is
usually used to produce fertilizer. METHANE is considered
a by-product.
F - digesteur a dome fixe
S - digestor de sombrerete fijo
FLAT BLACK PAINT (sol). A nonglossy black paint with a
relatively high ABSORPTANCE.
F - peinture noire mate
S - pintura negra uniforme
FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol). A device that uses an
ABSORBER PLATE to COLLECT SOLAR RADIATION without
assistance of devices to concentrate the sun's rays.
F - capteur solaire a panneau plan
S - colector solar de placa lisa
FLOAT (hydr). The BUCKET of a WATER WHEEL.
F - aube
S - paleta [1]
FLOATING GAS CAP (biocon). A lid over a BIOGAS DIGESTER
that rises or falls with the production of METHANE.
F - cloche a gaz flottante
S - sombrerete movible
<FIGURE>
10p56.gif (540x540)
FOCUSING COLLECTOR
FLOW (gen). The volume of a substance passing a point per
unit time (e.g., meters per second, gallons per hour,
etc.)
F - debit
S - flujo
FLOW DESIGN (hydr) (meas). The FLOW rate at which a
TURBINE is designed to operate.
F - debit nominal
S - diseno de flujo
FLUE (const). A passageway in a CHIMNEY that vents gases
produced during combustion. The flue opening can be
regulated to control the DRAFT in the oven or stove,
thus changing the rate of combustion.
F - carneau
S - conducto de humos
FLUE GAS DRYING (heat). THERMAL drying using gases in a
FLUE as the source of heat.
F - sechage au gaz de carneau
S - secado por gases del conducto
FLUID (gen). Any substance that FLOWS, such as a liquid or
gas. Fluids differ from solids in that they cannot
resist changes in their shape when acted upon by a
force.
F - fluide
S - fluido
FLUIDIZED BED GASSIFIER (prod). A type of PRODUCER GAS
GENERATOR in which air FLOWS upward through a bed of
suitably-sized fuel particles fast enough to buoy the
particles and give them an appearance of great agitation.
The fuel particles generally are small. This type
of combustion reduces the sulphur-dioxide emissions when
coal is burned.
F - gazogene a lit fluidise
S - gasificador en lecho fluidizado
FLUME (hydr). [1] A HEAD RACE in the form of a trough or
CHANNEL that carries water to a WATER WHEEL. [2] A
waterway, usually made of wood and often supported on a
trestle, that conveys water to be used for POWER,
transportation, etc.
F - [1] coursier; [2] canal d'amenee
S - canaleta
FLYWHEEL (gen) (impl). A rotating element attached to the
shaft of a machine to maintain uniform angular velocity
and revolutions per minute.
F - volant
S - volante
FOCUSING COLLECTOR (sol). A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR that
focuses the sun's rays on a sinqle point.
F - capteur a concentration [2]
S - colector enfocante
FOLD-UP REFLECTOR
FOLD-UP REFLECTOR (sol). A portable type of folding mirror
used in SOLAR COOKERS to reflect sunlight.
F - reflecteur pliant
S - reflector plegable
FOOT-POUND (gen) (meas). The amount of ENERGY required to
lift one pound of a substance one foot.
F - pied-livre
S - libra-pie
FORCED CONVECTION (heat). The use of a pump or blower to
control the FLOW of heat into a heated FLUID (e.g. circulating
warm air in a room or dwelling with a pump or
blower).
F - convection forcee
S - conveccion forzada
FOSSIL FUELS (fos). Nonrenewable, naturally-occurring
fuels from ORGANIC MATTER. These include coal, crude
oil, and natural gas.
F - combustibles fossiles
S - combustibles fosiles
FRACTIONATING COLUMN (alc). A vertical tube or column
attached to an ALCOHOL STILL that is usually filled with
packing or intersected with plates. An internal REFLUX
results in a separation between the high and low boiling
fractions inside the column. Those with the lowest boiling
point DISTILL out. (See also: DISTILLATION COLUMN)
F - colonne de fractionnement
S - columna de fraccionar
FRESNEL LENS
FRANCIS TURBINE (hydr). A WATER TURBINE that operates on a
low or medium HEAD and is often installed in large
HYDROELECTRIC plants. Water enters the turbine radially
and leaves axially.
F - turbine de Francis
S - turbina Francis
<FIGURE>
10p58.gif (486x486)
FREE OXYGEN (bio). Oxygen in the atmosphere, which can be
extracted at no cost. Conversely, oxygen extracted at a
cost would cause the substance from which the oxygen
molecules were taken to DECOMPOSE.
F - oxygene libre
S - oxigeno libre
FRESNEL COLLECTOR (sol). A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR
consisting of a concentric series of rings with
reflecting surfaces. These rings focus SOLAR RADIATION
onto an ABSORBER PLATE.
F - capteur a lentille de Fresnel
S - colector Fresnel
FRESNEL LENS (sol). A type of lens built up from a number
of narrow concentric segments. It is used in SOLAR
CONCENTRATORS.
F - lentille de Fresnel
S - lente de Fresnel
<FIGURE>
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FRICTION
FRICTION (gen). Surface resistance to relative motion,
which slows down movement and causes heat.
F - frottement
S - friccion
FRICTION HEAD (hydr). HEAD or ENERGY lost due to FRICTION
created by the contact between a moving stream of water
and the conduit through which it is moving. In pipes,
the friction head is also caused by bends in the pipelines,
changes in the pipe diameter, valves, and
couplings.
F - perte frictionnelle
S - perdida de carga por rozamiento
FRUCTOSE(alc) (chem). A FERMENTABLE sugar commonly found
in fruit. Fructose can be used as a FEEDSTOCK in ETHANOL
production.
F - fructose
S - fructosa
FUEL EFFICIENCY (heat) (meas). The ratio of heat produced
by a fuel for doing work to the available heat of the
fuel. Fuel EFFICIENCY is determined by the nonheat-forming
materials in the fuel and the nonwork-producing heat
that is developed by the fuel.
F - rendement du combustible
S - eficiencia del combustible
FUELWOOD (heat). Any type of wood that can be used to fuel
a fire.
F - bois de chauffe
S - lena
FULL SAIL (wind) (arc). A COMMON SAIL with the cloth fully
spread.
F - aile deployee
S - aspa completamente estirada
FUNGUS (bio). One of numerous plants in the division of
Thallophyta characterized by a lack of chlorophyll,
including YEAST, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi do not
require FREE OXYGEN to survive. (Plural: fungi)
F - champignon
S - hongo
FURLING (wind). Rollinq up and tying back SAILS of a
WINDMILL to keep the ROTOR from turning.
F - ferlage
S - aferramiento
FURLING SPEED (wind). (See: CUT-OUT SPEED)
F - vitesse de ferlage
S - velocidad maxima admisible
G
GASAHOL (alc). A gasoline substitute or supplement derived
from 10 percent ETHANOL and 90 percent unleaded
gasoline. (Syn: gasohol)
F - carburol
S - gasohol
GAS CAP (biocon). (See: GASHOLDER)
F - cloche a gaz
S - tapa de gas
GAS DIGESTION (biocon). The second stage of BIOGAS generation,
during which METHANE ([CH.sub.4]) is produced.
F - digestion de gaz
S - digestion de gas
GASHOLDER (biocon). (1) A container for holding the BIOGAS
produced in a DIGESTER. The size of the holder depends
on the rates of gas production and gas use. (See also:
FLOATING GAS CAP)
F - gazometre
S - gasometro
GASIFICATION (prod). The conversion of wood or coal to
COMBUSTIBLE GAS without leaving a combustible residue.
F - gazeification
S - gasificacion
GASIFIER (prod). A special type of furnace in which the
air supply to the COMBUSTION ZONE is carefully metered.
This promotes the production of COMBUSTIBLE GASES as
wood or coal are burned.
F - gazogene
S - gasificador
GAS PRODUCTION RATE (biocon) (meas). The quantity of
METHANE generated per unit of time. It generally is
expressed as cubic feet/day or cubic meters/day. The
figure should be quoted under standard conditions of
temperature and pressure.
F - taux de production du gaz
S - tasa de produccion de gas
GAS SCRUBBER (gen). (See: SCRUBBING)
F - epurateur de gaz
S - lavagases
GAS STORAGE CAPACITY (biocon). The maximum amount of
METHANE that a BIOGAS DIGESTER is able to store. The
amount generally is expressed in cubic feet or cubic
meters.
F - capacite de stockage de gaz
S - capacidad de almacenamiento de gas
GAS TURBINE
GAS TURBINE (auto). An ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINE in
which a gas, under pressure or formed by combustion, is
directed against the BLADES of a TURBINE. The ENERGY in
the expanding gas is thereby converted into useful
mechanical energy.
F - turbine a gaz
S - turbina de gas
GEAR RATIO (gen) (meas). The number of revolutions required
of one gear to turn another gear, which generally
is of a different size.
F - demultiplication
S - relacion de los engranajes
GENERATOR (elec) (impl). A device that converts mechanical
ENERGY into electrical energy.
F - generateur
S - generador
GENGAS (prod). (See: PRODUCER GAS)
F - gaz pauvre de gazogene
S - gengas
GEOPRESSURED RESERVOIR (geo). A GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR consisting
of porous sands that contain water or BRINE at
high temperatures and pressure.
F - reservoir sous geopression
S - tanque de presion geotermica
GEOTHERMAL (geo). Of or relating to the heat of the
Earth's interior.
F - geothermique
S - geotermico
GEOTHERMAL FIELD (geo). A geographical region with known
GEOTHERMAL POWER sources that might be tapped to produce
ENERGY.
F - zone geothermique
S - zona geotermica
GEOTHERMAL POWER (geo). ENERGY obtained from GEOTHERMAL
sources. Geothermal power is tapped in three ways: by
using hot water, steam, or DRY STEAM. Each may be used
to drive a TURBINE.
F - energie geothermique
S - energia geotermica
GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR (geo). A water reserve created near a
HOT DRY ROCK RESERVOIR to develop a potential GEOTHERMAL
POWER site.
F - reservoir geothermique
S - tanque geotermico
GEOTHERMAL STEAM (geo). Steam drawn from sources within
the Earth.
F - vapeur geothermique
S - vapor geotermico
GEYSER (geo). Natural steam or hot water spouts in active
GEOTHERMAL regions.
F - geyser
S - geiser
GRAVITY CONVECTION
GIN POLE (wind). A long board or pipe used to improve the
leverage in lifting a TOWER for a WINDMILL.
F - fleche de levage
S - mastil grua
GLAZING (impl) (sol). A transparent sheet that admits sunlight
to a SOLAR COLLECTOR and then inhibits the escape
of heat. Commonly used glazing materials include ACETATE,
acrylic, fiber-reinforced plastics, and glass.
F - vitrification
S - vidriado
GLOBAL RADIATION (sol). The combination of DIFFUSED RADIATION,
DIRECT RADIATION, and REFLECTED RADIATION. (See:
SOLAR RADIATION)
F - rayonnement global
S - radiacion global
GLUCOSE (chem) (alc). The most common sugar, which is
derived from STARCH during the ETHANOL production
process.
F - glucose
S - glucosa
GOBAR GAS (biocon). (See: BIOGAS)
F - bio-gaz
S - gas gobar
GOVERNOR (gen) (impl). A device that regulates the speed
of an engine or other device under varying conditions of
load and pressure. Also a device for regulating the FLOW
or pressure of a FLUID passing through a device.
F - regulateur
S - regulador
GRAIN ALCOHOL (alc). ETHANOL made from grain by
DISTILLATION.
F - alcool de grains
S - alcohol de granos
GRAM CALORIE (gen). The amount of ENERGY required to raise
one gram of water one degree CELSIUS.
F - calorie [2]
S - caloria-gramo
GRAMLAXMI GAS (biocon). (See: BIOGAS)
F - bio-gaz
S - gas gramlaxmi
GRATE (impl) (heat). A frame of metal bars that holds
fuel above the floor of a firebox. It usually is used in
a boiler, GASIFIER, fireplace, or stove.
F - grille
S - parilla
GRAVITY CONVECTION heat). (See: NATURAL CONVECTION)
F - convection par pesanteur
S - conveccion por gravedad
GUIDE VANES
GUIDE VANES (hydr) (impl). Surfaces that direct water to
the appropriate parts of TURBINE BLADES or BUCKETS so as
to increase POWER output.
F - aubes directrices
S - alabe director
GUSSET (constr) (wind). A triangular metal brace for
reinforcing a corner or angle. It is commonly used in
TOWER construction.
F - gousset
S - esquinero
GUST (wind). A sudden, brief increase in WIND VELOCITY
that is then followed by calmer air.
F - rafale
S - rafaga
GUYED TOWER (impl) (wind). A WINDMILL TOWER that is
supported by GUY WIRES.
F - pylone haubanne
S - torre atirantada
<FIGURE>
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GUY WIRE (wind) (impl). A cable that stabilizes a structure
and keeps it in position. For example, wires
attached to a WINDMILL TOWER so that it cannot move or
shake from the force of the wind.
F - hauban
S - retenida de alambre
H
HARNESS (ani). The gear or tackle, other than a YOKE, used
on draft animals to pull a vehicle or drive an implement.
It differs from a yoke, which joins together draft
animals.
F - harnais
S - arnes
<FIGURE>
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HEAD (hydr) (meas). [1] The vertical distance from the
point where water enters an intake to the point where
the water leaves a HYDROPOWER device. It is generally
measured in feet or meters. The product of the head
times the FLOW is a measurement of potential POWER. [2]
The vertical distance a liquid must be pumped from its
source to its point of use or storage.
F - chute d'eau [1]-[2]
S - altura
<FIGURE>
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HEADER (sol). The pipe that runs across the top of an
ABSORBER PLATE to gather or distribute HEAT TRANSFER
FLUID from or to the grid pipes that run across the
absorber surface. Some headers run along the bottom of
the absorber plate.
F - entree-sortie
S - tubo colector
HEADRACE
HEADRACE (hydr). A CANAL or conduit that feeds water into
a mill, WATER WHEEL, or TURBINE.
F - bief d'amont
S - canal de llegada
HEAD WATER (hydr). The water upstream of a DAM or a
HYDROPOWER plant.
F - eau d'amont
S - aguas arriba
HEAT CAPACITY (heat) (meas). The amount of heat required
to raise by one degree the temperature of a unit mass of
a substance.
F - capacite thermique
S - capacidad calorifica
HEAT ENERGY (heat). ENERGY in the form of heat.
F - energie thermique
S - energia calorifica
HEAT TRANSFER FLUID
HEAT EXCHANGER (heat) (impl). A device, such as a coiled
copper tube immersed in a tank of water which is used
to transfer heat from one FLUID to another through a
separating wall. A CONDENSER is one type of heat
exchanger.
F - echangeur de chaleur
S - termopermutador
HEAT GAIN (heat). The increase of heat in a space resulting
from DIRECT RADIATION and from the heat given off by
such other sources as THERMAL MASS, a stove, a fireplace,
humans, or animals.
F - apport de chaleur
S - ganancia calorifica
HEATING VALUE (heat) (meas). The amount of heat produced
by the complete combustion of a specific amount of
fuel. This is a measure of FUEL EFFICIENCY.
F - pouvoir calorifique
S - valor calorifico
HEAT LOSS (heat). An unwanted decrease in the amount of
heat contained in a space. Heat is usually lost through
CONVECTION.
F - perte de chaleur
S - perdida calorifica
HEAT PUMP (heat) (impl). A mechanical device that transfers
heat from a heat source to a HEAT SINK. This process
causes the source to cool and the sink to become
warmer.
F - pompe a chaleur
S - bomba calorifica
HEAT RATE TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (heat) (meas). The rate at
which heat is transferred per hour, per unit surface,
per degree of temperature difference.
F - coefficient de transmission de chaleur
S - coeficiente de transferencia del consumo
calorifico
HEAT-REFLECTIVE GLASS (sol). A type of glass designed to
reflect SOLAR RADIATION.
F - verre a pouvoir reflechissant thermique
S - vidrio reflector de calor
HEAT SINK (sol). A body that is capable of accepting and
storing heat. It therefore may also act as a heat
source.
F - puits de chaleur
S - sumidor de calor
HEAT TAX (heat). Referring to the HEAT ENERGY that becomes
unavailable for further use whenever ENERGY is converted
from one form to another.
F - chaleur perdue
S - gravamen calorifico
HEAT TRANSFER FLUID (sol). (See: HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM)
F - fluide caloporteur
S - fluido de termotransferencia
HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM
HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM (sol). The FLUID that is heated in a
SOLAR COLLECTOR for conducting heat to another place or
substance.
F - caloporteur
S - medio de termotransferencia
HELICAL SAIL WINDMILL (wind). The name for a particular
type of HORIZONTAL-AXIS, SAIL ROTOR WINDMILL. It usually
is used for low-lift water pumping.
F - eolienne a ailes helicoidales
S - molino con aspas helicoidales
HELIO-ELECTRICAL PROCESS (sol). A process by which PHOTOVOLTAIC
MODULES convert SOLAR ENERGY into electricity.
F - processus helioelectrique
S - proceso helioelectrico
HELIOSTAT (sol) (impl). A solar-focusing instrument consisting
of a mirror mounted on an AXIS that is moved by
clockwork. The heliostat reflects sunbeams in one direction,
usually to a central ABSORBER located in a TOWER.
F - heliostat
S - heliostato
HELIOTHERMAL (sol). [1] A process that uses SOLAR
RADIATION to produce heat. [2] A device that absorbs
RADIATION on a blackened surface and converts it into
heat.
F - heliothermique
S - heliotermico
HELIOTHERMAL PROCESS (sol). A process by which SOLAR
ENERGY is used to provide THERMAL ENERGY for space
heating, space cooling, and domestic water heating.
F - processus heliothermique
S - proceso heliotermico
HELIOTHERMOMETER (sol) (meas). An instrument that measures
heat from the sun.
F - heliothermometre
S - heliotermometro
HELIOTROPIC (sol) (impl). Turning toward light. It
describes devices that TRACK the sun, following its
movement across the sky.
F - heliotropique
S - heliotropico
HORIZONTAL AIR MILL (wind) (arc). (See: HORIZONTAL-AXIS
WINDMILL)
F - moulin a vent a arbre horizontal
S - molino de aire horizontal
HORIZONTAL AXIS SAIL ROTOR (wind). A WIND MACHINE with
cloth sails in which the WIND SHAFT is situated on a
horizontal plane.
F - eolienne a ailes en toile sur axe horizontal
S - rotor de eje horizontal
HUMUS
HORIZONTAL AXIS WINDMILL (wind). A WINDMILL driven by a
ROTOR on a horizontal WIND SHAFT.
F - eolienne a arbre horizontal
S - molino de eje horizontal
HORIZONTAL WATERMILL (hydr). A WATERMILL driven by a
horizontal wheel mounted on a vertical shaft. (Syn:
Greek Mill; Norse Mill)
F - moulin a eau horizontal
S - molino hidraulico horizontal
HORIZONTAL WATER WHEEL (hydr). (See: HORIZONTAL WATERMILL)
F - roue hydraulique horizontale
S - rueda hidraulica horizontal
HORSEPOWER (gen). A unit of POWER equal to 33,000 FOOT
POUNDS per minute, 550 foot pounds per second, or 746
WATTS.
F - cheval-vapeur
S - potencia util
HOT DRY ROCK (geo) A system for using GEOTHERMAL POWER. A
hole is drilled and the deep rock cracked. This may be
done hydraulically, as is done in conventional oil
fields, or with explosives. Water is injected into the
fractured rock, allowed to heat, and then withdrawn as
steam for use as an ENERGY source.
F - roche chaude et seche
S - roca seca caliente
HOT WATER RESERVOIR (geo). (See: GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR)
F - reservoir d'eau chaude
S - tanque de agua caliente
HOUR ANGLE (sol) (meas). The angular displacement of the
sun east or west of the local meridian due to the rotation
of the Earth on its AXIS at 15 [degrees] per hour (morning
[+] afternoon [-]).
F - angle horaire
S - angulo hora
HUB EXTENSION (wind). A piece of pipe that sticks out from
the front of the hub of a ROTOR on a WINDMILL. It provides
a place to attach GUY WIRES to strengthen the
BLADES or SAILS.
F - rallonge de moyeu
S - extension del cubo
HUMIDIFIER (gen). A mechanical means for increasing the
relative humidity in an enclosed area by injecting water
vapor into the air.
F - humidificateur
S - humidificador
HUMUS (biocon). Well-decomposed organic soil material consisting
of the residues from plant and animal matter
together with the cell substances of soil organisms and
various inorganic materials.
F - humus
S - humus
HYBRID GENERATOR
HYBRID GENERATOR (biocon). A two-stage BIOGAS DIGESTER
design consisting of a larger batch-fed, ACID-producing,
cold phase, and a smaller CONTINUOUS-FEED, METHANE-producing,
heated phase. Alternatively, any digester
that separates acid and methane production.
F - generateur hybride
S - generador hibrido
HYBRID POWER SYSTEM (gen). A system, such as one might
find within a home, that derives its heating, lighting,
and other ENERGY from several interconnected sources.
One or more of these sources generally would come from
RENEWABLE ENERGY.
F - energie heterogene, systeme d'
S - sistema de energia hibrida
HYBRID SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM (sol). A heating or cooling
system that uses both ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING and PASSIVE
SOLAR HEATING methods in its design. At least one of the
system's significant THERMAL ENERGY FLOWS is by natural
means, and at least one is by forced means.
F - energie solaire heterogene, systeme d'
S - sistema de energia solar hibrida
HYDRATE (chem). A solid material resulting from the
combination under pressure of a gas with water.
F - hydrate
S - hidrato
HYDRAULIC RAM (hydr) (impl). A water pump that uses the
ENERGY of descending water to raise a part of the water
to a height greater than that of the source. It requires
no other power than the energy from the descending
water.
F - belier hydraulique
S - ariete hidraulico
<FIGURE>
10p70.gif (600x600)
HYDROXYL
HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME (biocon) (meas). The number of
days an average volume of SLURRY remains in a BIOGAS
DIGESTER.
F - duree de retention hydraulique
S - periodo de retention hidraulica
HYDROELECTRIC (hydr). Relative to a system in which the
potential ENERGY of falling water is harnessed by
releasing it from DAMS or through a PENSTOCK downward
through WATER TURBINES.
F - hydro-electrique
S - hidroelectrico
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE (hydr). The cycle in which water passes
through different states. It begins as atmospheric water
vapor. It then becomes a liquid through precipitation.
Next it flows along the ground surface, where it is useful
as an energy source. Finally, it returns to its
original form through evaporation and transpiration.
F - cycle hydrologique
S - ciclo hidrologico
HYDROLOGY (hydr). The science of water systems on or
beneath the Earth's surface.
F - hydrologie
S - hidrologia
HYDROLYSIS (alc) (chem). The chemical process that breaks
complex organic molecules into simple molecules. For
example, STARCH and CELLULOSE can be hydrolyzed by ACIDS
or ENZYMES to produce simple sugars, which can be FERMENTED
to form ETHANOL.
F - hydrolyse
S - hidrolisis
HYDROMETER (impl) (meas). An instrument used to determine
the density or SPECIFIC GRAVITY of FLUIDS.
F - hydrometre
S - hidrometro
HYDROPOWER (hydr). POWER produced by falling water. The
term is used to identify a type of electricity-generating
station or any energy output in which the main mover
is driven by FLOWing water.
F - puissance hydraulique
S - potencia hidraulica
HYDROPOWER SYSTEM (hydr). A system in which the potential
ENERGY of FLOWing water is used to create electricity or
to mechanically drive machines, by impounding it behind
DAMS and then diverting it through a CHANNEL to a WATER
TURBINE.
F - systeme de puissance hydraulique
S - sistema de potencia hidraulica
<FIGURE>
10p72.gif (600x600)
HYDROXYL (biocon). A monovalent group consisting of a
hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom linked together. Most
BASES contain hydroxyl groups. (See also: BASE)
F - hydroxyle
S - hidroxilo
HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
HYGROMETER
HYGROMETER (impl) (meas) (sol). A device for measuring the
humidity of the air. It is used in designing SOLAR
HEATING and SOLAR COOLING systems.
F - hygrometre
S - higrometro
I
IMPERMEABLE DRY ROCK (geo). Rock systems in GEOTHERMAL
regions where the heat is contained almost entirely in
impermeable rock.
F - roche seche impermeable
S - roca seca impermeable
IMPULSE TURBINE (hydr). A TURBINE driven by high velocity
JETS of water or steam that are produced by forcing the
water or steam through a nozzle.
F - turbine a action
S - turbina de impulsion
<FIGURE>
10p74.gif (486x486)
INCIDENT ANGLE (sol) (hydr). [1] The angle between the
sun's rays and a line perpendicular (normal) to the
irradiated surface. The incident angle determines both
the intensity of the DIRECT RADIATION component striking
the surface and the ability of the surface to reflect,
transmit, or ABSORB the sun's rays. [2] In the case of
HYDROPOWER devices, the angle between the water intake
and a line perpendicular to the BUCKETS.
F - angle d'incidence
S - angulo incidente
INCIDENT RADIATION (sol) (meas). The quantity of RADIANT
ENERGY striking a surface per unit time and unit area.
F - rayonnement incident
S - radiacion de incidencia
INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY
INDIAN-TYPE DIGESTER (biocon). A BIOGAS DIGESTER primarily
designed to produce METHANE. These digesters usually
have FLOATING GAS CAPS.
F - digesteur type indien
S - digestor de tipo indio
<FIGURE>
10p75.gif (486x486)
INDIRECT CONVERSION (sol). The indirect use of SOLAR
ENERGY from such sources as solar-produced winds,
thermal currents in air and water, and wave action.
F - conversion indirecte
S - conversion indirecta
INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY (sol). A system in which SOLAR
ENERGY is COLLECTED and used through mechanical means.
F - energie solaire indirecte
S - energia solar indirecta
INDIRECT SOLAR GAIN
INDIRECT SOLAR GAIN (sol) . A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING system
in which heat is stored between the COLLECTING and the
distributing surfaces (e.g., TROMBE WALL).
F - apport solaire indirect
S - ganancia solar indirecta
INDIRECT SOLAR HEATING (sol). A method of solar heating in
which SOLAR RADIATION is COLLECTED in FLAT PLATE or
CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS that are mounted on a roof, a
wall, or apart from a building. Pumps or fans are used
to circulate HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS through the collectors
and then back to a heat storage medium.
F - chauffage solaire indirect
S - calefaccion solar indirecta
INDUCTION MOTOR (elec) (wind). A common type of motor,
which, when modified slightly and driven by the rotary
action of a WINDMILL or TURBINE, provides ALTERNATING
CURRENT (ac).
F - moteur a induction
S - motor de induccion
INFILTRATION (heat). The unchecked movement of outdoor air
into a building through cracks around windows and doors
or in walls, roofs, and floors. Infiltration generally
refers to cold air during the winter and hot air during
the summer.
F - infiltration
S - infiltracion
INFLUENT (biocon). BIOMASS mixed with water for use in a
BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - affluent
S - influente
INFRARED RADIATION (sol). Electromagnetic RADIATION from
the sun or a warm body that has wavelengths longer than
the red end of the visible spectrum. Infrared radiation
is experienced as heat.
F - radiation infrarouge
S - radiacion infraroja
INOCULATION (biocon). Adding a SEED of ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
to a BIOGAS GENERATOR.
F - inoculation
S - inoculacion
INOCULUM (biocon). A sample of partially DIGESTED SLURRY,
and its associated BACTERIA, that is added at the start
of DIGESTION to a BIOGAS DIGESTER. It provides sufficient
micro-organisms for the digestion process to proceed
at a satisfactory rate. Without this seeding, there
generally is a prolonged wait before a digester begins
producing gas. (Syn: seed)
F - inoculum
S - inoculum
ISOLATED SOLAR GAIN
INSOLATION (sol). The rate at which ENERGY from the sun
reaches the Earth's surface. Insolation generally is
measured in BTU/square feet (meters)/day.
F - insolation
S - insolacion
INSULATED STEAM COOKER (sol). A small, insulated cooking
box in which steam acts as the heating agent. Water
heated to steam by a SOLAR COLLECTOR flows into the box,
condenses, and drips back into the COLLECTOR.
F - rechaud a vapeur isole
S - cocinilla aislada de vapor
INTEGRATED HEATING (sol). A method of SOLAR HEATING in
which SOLAR RADIATION is intercepted and absorbed by a
massive exterior wall or roof pond, which usually
doubles as a heat storage container. Heat flows to the
rooms by CONDUCTION, or natural CONVECTION. This is a
form of PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING.
F - chauffage integre
S - calefaccion solar integrada
INTEGRATED SYSTEM (biocon). A system in which the outputs
of one activity are used as inputs in other related
activities. For example, a BIOGAS system in which the
EFFLUENT is used as a nutrient to enrich an aquaculture
environment. In exchange, BIOMASS from the aquaculture
may be used as INFLUENT to the DIGESTER.
F - systeme integre
S - sistema integrado
INVERTER (elec) (wind). A device that converts DIRECT
CURRENT (dc) to ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac). It often is
used with WIND GENERATORS.
F - onduleur
S - invertidor
IRRIGATION WHEEL (hydr). (See: NORIA)
F - roue hydraulique d'irrigation
S - rueda de irrigacion
ISOLATED SOLAR GAIN (sol). A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING system
in which heat is collected in one area to be used in
another. (See also: SOLAR GREENHOUSE)
F - apport solaire isole
S - ganancia solar aislada
J
JACKET (prod) (impl). An enclosure around a PRODUCER GAS
GENERATOR through which cooling liquid flows. (See also:
WATER JACKET)
F - chemise d'eau
S - cubierta
JET (auto) (hydro). A nozzle of a specific size that
limits the FLOW of water to a TURBINE or the flow of
fuel in a CARBURETOR.
F - gicleur
S - lanza
JET STREAM (wind). Strong winds concentrated in a
relatively narrow, shallow stream in the upper
troposphere.
F - jet-stream
S - manga de aire
JIB SAILS (wind) (arc). Triangular COMMON SAILS, set on
radiating SPARS.
F- clinfoc
S- aspas triangulares
JOULE (meas). A unit of ENERGY or work equal to one WATT
per second or 0.737 foot pounds.
F- Joule
S- Joule
JOULE'S LAW (gen) (heat). The law stating that: [1] The
rate at which heat is produced by a steady current in
any part of an electric circuit is jointly proportional
to the resistance and to the square of the current. [2]
The internal ENERGY of an ideal gas depends only on its
temperature regardless of volume and pressure.
F - loi de Joule
S - ley de Joule
JUMPER (elec). A length of wire, usually with clips on
each end, for making temporary electrical connections.
F - fil volant
S - puente
K
KAPLAN TURBINE (hydr). A propeller-type of WATER TURBINE
with variable pitch BLADES that adjust automatically in
accordance with the HEAD.
F - turbine de Kaplan
S - turbina Kaplan
<FIGURE>
10p79.gif (540x540)
KENAF (biocon). An annual East Indian plant, which may be
used effectively in BIOGAS production.
F - kenaf
S - hibiscus cannabinus
KILN (heat). A high temperature oven, furnace, or heated
enclosure used to process a substance by burning,
firing, or drying. Kilns often are described by the
direction that air passes through them (i.e., UPDRAFT or
DOWNDRAFT).
F - four
S - horno
KILOWATT (elec). A unit of POWER equal to 1,000 WATTS or
to ENERGY consumption at a rate of 1,000 JOULES per
second. It is usually used as a measure of electrical
energy. Commonly abbreviated as kW.
F - kilowatt
S - kilovatios
KILOWATT HOUR
KILOWATT HOUR (elec) (meas). A unit of POWER consumption
equal to the amount of power multiplied by the amount of
time the power is used. A 100-watt light bulb burning
for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour of power.
F - kilowattheure
S - kilovatio-hora
KINETIC ENERGY (gen). The ENERGY that a body possesses by
virtue of its motion.
F - energie cinetique
S - energia cinetica
KNOT (wind). A measure of WIND SPEED equal to one nautical
mile per hour. One knot equals 1.15 miles per hour.
F - noeud
S - nudo
L
LANGLEY (sol) (meas). A unit of SOLAR RADIATION intensity,
equal to 1.0 gram CALORIE per square centimeter.
F - langley
S - langley
LATITUDE (gen) (meas). An angular position north or south
of the equator, measured in degrees along a meridian of
a point.
F - latitude
S - latitud
LEADING EDGE (wind). The vertical edge of a WINDMILL BLADE
that lies on the side towards which the blade moves. The
opposite edge is called the TRAILING EDGE.
F - arete avant
S - borde anterior
LIFE-CYCLE COSTING (gen) (meas). A method for estimating
the comparative costs of ALTERNATIVE ENERGY or other
systems. Life-cycle costing takes into consideration
such long-term costs as ENERGY consumption, maintenance,
and repair.
F - evaluation du cycle de vie
S - calculo del coste de la vida util
LIFT (wind). The aerodynamic force that "pulls" the BLADES
of a WINDMILL and causes them to rotate.
F - portance
S - impulsion
LIFT COEFFICIENT (wind) (meas). The ratio of LIFT forces
to FLOW forces.
F - coefficient de portance
S - coeficiente de impulsion
LIFT-TYPE DEVICES (wind). WIND MACHINES that provide aerodynamic
LIFT in a wind stream.
F - eoliennes a portance
S - aparatos impulsores
LIME (chem). A white powder composed of calcium oxide that
forms a highly ALKALINE solution when mixed with water.
It is used in various ways, including as a means to
increase the pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) of MASH in ALCOHOL
STILLS or BIOGAS DIGESTERS.
F - chaux
S - cal
LIME KILN (chem). A KILN used to make LIME from coral or
limestone.
F - four a chaux
S - horno de cal
LIMEWATER
LIMEWATER (biocon) (chem). A CALCIUM HYDROXIDE solution
often used as a gas SCRUBBER.
F - eau de chaux
S - agua de cal
LINED FIREBOX (gen). A firebox fitted with special insulating
material.
F - chambre de combustion garnie
S - caja de fuego revestida
LIQUID-BASED SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM (sol). A SOLAR HEATING
system in which a liquid HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM is heated
in SOLAR COLLECTORS. The liquid generally is either
water or an antifreeze solution.
F - chauffage solaire a liquide, systeme de
S - sistema de energia solar a base de liquidos
LIQUID SLURRY (biocon). SLURRY comprising less than 10
percent solid material.
F - boue liquide
S - fango liquido
LIQUID-TYPE COLLECTOR (sol). (See: LIQUID-BASED SOLAR
HEATING SYSTEM)
F - capteur a liquide
S - colector de tipo liquido
LIVE CURB (wind) (arc). The circular timber rim or wall
plate supporting a WINDMILL CAP that revolves on ROLLERS
or WHEELS.
F - chemin de roulement
S - soporte movil
LOAD (elec) (meas). The output of one or several electric
machines or transformers. Load also denotes the POWER
carried by a particular circuit.
F - charge
S - carga
LOADING RATE (biocon) (meas). The amount of BIOMASS added
to a DIGESTER over a specific period of time.
F - taux de charge
S - velocidad de carga
LOLLY AXIS (wind). (See: YAW AXIS)
F - axe de lacet
S - eje de relingar
LORENA STOVE (biocon). An inexpensive, yet efficient, cook
stove made of a sand, clay, and water mixture known as
"lorena."
F - cuisiniere lorena
S - estufa lorena
<FIGURE>
10p83.gif (486x486)
LOW HEAD TURBINE (hydr). A WATER TURBINE that is designed
to function with a low HEAD.
F - turbine pour chutes faibles
S - turbina de poco desnivel
LUFF
LUFF (wind). To turn the BLADES of a WINDMILL into the
wind so they will rotate.
F - lofer
S - cenir el viento
M
MAGNESITE BRICK (constr) (sol). A masonry brick to which
magnesium or similar material has been added to darken
the color of the brick and increase its THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
and ABSORPTANCE.
F - brique a la magnesite
S - ladrillo de magnesita
MAGNETO (elec). A small, permanent-magnet, electric
GENERATOR capable of producing periodic high voltage
impulses.
F - magneto
S - magneto
MAGNOUS EFFECT (wind). An effect whereby a spinning CYLINDER
exposed to the wind produces a horizontal force.
This effect has been used to enable experimental WIND
MACHINES to POWER small boats.
F - effet magnus
S - efecto de fuerza horizontal
MALT (alc). Sprouted grain that contains ENZYMES to convert
STARCH to sugar. Special varieties of barley are
frequently used to produce malt.
F - malt
S - malta
MANOMETER (biocon) (meas). A device used to measure gas
pressure. It may be used to monitor gas pressure in a
BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - manometre
S - manometro
MANTLE (biocon) (impl). A cloth MEMBRANE in which gases
are collected and burned to create light through
incandescence.
F - manchon a incandescence
S - manteleta
MARSH GAS (biocon). METHANE. Decaying ORGANIC MATTER at
the bottom of a marsh or pond will produce bubbles of
methane gas when stirred.
F - gaz des marais
S - gas de los pantanos
MASH (alc). A mixture of water and crushed grains or other
FEEDSTOCKS that can be FERMENTED to produce ETHANOL.
F - mout
S - mezcla
MASH COMPOSITION (alc). The materials making up the MASH
in an ALCOHOL STILL.
F - composition du mout
S - malta empastada
METHANE
MASONITE (constr). Trademark name for a thin board made
of compressed wood fibers. It is useful as a backing for
SOLAR REFLECTORS.
F - masonite
S - masonite
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE (hydr) (meas). The maximum amount of
water that can FLOW past a point during a given period
of time. This measurement is used to evaluate the HYDROPOWER
potential of a site.
F - debit maximum
S - velocidad maxima de flujo
MEADOW MILL (hydr). A small, untended WATERMILL used for
drainage.
F - moulinet de campagne
S - molino de pradera
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (gen) (meas). The factor by which a
machine multiplies any applied force.
F - effet mecanique
S - rendimiento mecanico
MECHANICAL TURBULENCE (wind). Erratic air movement caused
by such obstructions as trees or buildings.
F - turbulence mecanique
S - turbulencia mecanica
MEGAWATT (elec) (meas). One million WATTS.
F - megawatt
S - megavatio
MEMBRANE (alc). A sheet polymer or thin biological tissue
capable of separating liquid solutions. Membranes are
sometimes used in the ALCOHOL DISTILLATION process.
F - membrane
S - membrana
MERIDIONAL WIND (wind). The wind or wind component along
the local meridian.
F - vent meridien
S - viento meridional
MESOPHYLLIC BACTERIA (biocon). BACTERIA that thrive best
at temperatures of 70-104 [degrees] F (21-40 [degrees] C) and are useful in
producing BIOGAS.
F - bacteries mesophyliennes
S - bacteria mesofilica
METHANATION (biocon). A process of converting to METHANE
the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide present in synthetic
gas.
F - methanisation
S - metanacion
METHANE (biocon) (chem). An odorless, colorless gas (C[H.sub.4]),
nearly insoluble in water, which burns with a pale,
faintly luminous flame to produce water and carbon
dioxide (or carbon monoxide if oxygen is deficient).
(See also: MARSH GAS) (Syn: BIOGAS)
F - methane
S - metano
METHANE CONVERSION
METHANE CONVERSION (biocon). The production of METHANE
through BIOCONVERSION.
F - conversion du methane
S - conversion de metano
METHANE DIGESTER (biocon). A device that converts BIOMASS
into METHANE and Fertilizer through biological activity.
(See also: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - digesteur au methane
S - digestor de metano
METHANE GAS (biocon) (chem). (See: METHANE)
F - gaz de methane
S - gas de metano
METHANE GENERATION (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)
F - production du methane
S - produccion de metano
METHANE PLANT (biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER; METHANE)
F - generateur a methane
S - instalacion de metano
METHANOGENIC BACTERIA (bio) (biocon). BACTERIA that generate
METHANE (i.e., those that are responsible for the
"second step" of DIGESTION). (See also: ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION)
F - bacteries methanogenes
S - bacteria metanogenica
METHANOL (alc). A light, VOLATILE, flammable, poisonous
liquid ALCOHOL (C[H.sub.3]OH) formed in the DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION
of wood or made synthetically. METHANOL is
used especially as a solvent, antifreeze, or DENATURANT
for ETHANOL, and in the synthesis of other chemicals. It
is also used increasingly as a fuel. (Syn: methyl
alcohol or wood alcohol)
F - methanol
S - metanol
METHYL ALCOHOL (alc). (See: METHANOL)
F - alcool methylique
S - alcohol metilico
MICROFLORA MICRO-ORGANISMS (bio) (biocon). The microscopic
organisms, chiefly BACTERIA in this context, that
are responsible for ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
F - micro-organismes de la flore microbienne
S - microorganismos de microflora
MICROHYDRO (hydr). Small-scale, water-powered systems that
may be used to produce mechanical POWER or less than 100
KILOWATTS of electricity. They commonly are used for
homes, farms, or small industries.
F - microcentrales hydrauliques
S - microhidro
<FIGURE>
10p87.gif (600x600)
MIXING TANK
MILL (gen) (hydr) (wind). A device to grind grain and
cereals. Also used colloquially to describe a WINDMILL,
WATER WHEEL, or WATER MILL.
F - moulin
S - molino
MILL RACE (hydr). A CHANNEL that carries water to a WATER
WHEEL.
F - bief de moulin
S - caz
MINIHYDRO (hydr). HYDROPOWER units that produce 100-1000
KILOWATTS.
F - minicentrales hydrauliques
S - minihidro
MINIMUM FLOW RATE (hydr) (meas). The least amount of water
that will FLOW past a given point at any time. This
measurement is used to help evaluate the HYDROPOWER
potential of a site.
F - debit minimum
S - velocidad minime de flujo
MISCIBLE (chem). Capable of being mixed in any proportion.
F - miscible
S - miscible
MIXING TANK (biocon) (impl). A chamber in which BIOMASS is
mixed with water to form SLURRY for a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - reservoir de melange
S - cuba de mezcla
MOLECULAR SIEVE
MOLECULAR SIEVE (alc). A STILL COLUMN that separates
molecules by selectively ADSORPING them on the basis of
size.
F - tamis moleculaire
S - criba por accion molecular
MONOSACCHARIDE (alc). SUGAR derived from STARCH and
CELLULOSE that can be converted to ETHANOL.
F - monosaccharide
S - monosacarido
MOUNTAIN AND VALLEY WINDS (wind). A system of daily winds
prevailing in calm, clear weather along the width of a
valley. The winds blow uphill and upvalley by day and
downhill and downvalley by night.
F - vents des monts et des vallees
S - vientos de las montanas y aldeas
MULTIBLADE WINDMILL (wind). A WINDMILL that has a large
number of BLADES. It generally is used to pump water.
F - eolienne a ailes multiples
S - molino de multiaspas
MULTIVANE WINDMILL (wind). A WINDMILL having more than one
TAIL.
F - eolienne a empennages multiples
S - molino de multiples puntas
N
NACELLE (wind). The portion of a wind electric conversion
machine that houses the electricity generating
equipment.
F - carter
S - barquilla
NATURAL CONVECTION (heat). The natural CONVECTION of heat
through the FLUID in a body that occurs when warm, less
dense fluid rises and cold, dense fluid sinks under the
influence of gravity. (Syn: gravity convection)
F - convection naturelle
S - conveccion natural
NET AREA (sol) (meas). The area of the opening of a SOLAR
COLLECTOR, through which SOLAR RADIATION may pass.
F - fenetre d'entree
S - superficie neta
NET ENERGY CONSUMPTION (gen) (meas). (See: ENERGY
CONSUMPTION)
F - consommation nette d'energie
S - consumo neto de energia
NIGHT SKY RADIATION (sol). A method of cooling through
RADIANT ENERGY exchange. Relatively warm surfaces are
exposed directly to the colder night sky to which they
radiate the heat they collected during the day.
F - rayonnement diffus nocturne
S - radiacion del cielo nocturno
NIGHT SOIL (bio). Human excreta with or without flush
water, which may be used as FEEDSTOCK for a BIOGAS
DIGESTER.
F - vidanges
S - defecaciones humanas
NOCTURNAL RADIATION (sol). (See: NIGHT SKY RADIATION)
F - rayonnement nocturne
S - radiaciones nocturnas
NORIA (hydr) (arc). A vertical WATER WHEEL that is turned
by water current. Containers attached to its rim LIFT
water for irrigation.
F - noria
S - noria
O
OCEAN THERMAL GRADIENTS (oceans). The temperature difference
between deep and surface water in the ocean. These
temperature variations may be used as an ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY SOURCE.
F - gradients de temperature oceaniques
S - termogradientes oceanicos
OCEAN THERMAL POWER (ocean). ENERGY acquired from differences
in temperatures at different depths in the ocean.
F - energie thermique des mers
S - termopotencia oceanica
OCEAN TIDAL POWER (ocean). The production of electricity
by harnessing ocean tidal movements through the use of
adjustable-BLADE WATER TURBINES or other devices.
F - energie maremotrice
S - energia oceanica
OFFSHORE WINDS (wind). Winds blowing seaward from the
coast.
F - vents de terre
S - vientos terrales
OHM'S LAW (elec). The law stating that for any circuit the
electric current is proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance.
F - loi d'ohm
S - ley de ohmio
ONSHORE WINDS (wind). Winds blowing shoreward from the
sea.
F - vents du large
S - vientos del mar
OPERATING FLOW (hydr) (meas). The FLOW rate needed by a
HYDROPOWER device to operate at its rated LOAD level.
F - debit nominal
S - flujo de operacion
ORGANIC MATTER (gen). Materials of animal or vegetable
origin.
F - matieres organiques
S - materia organica
ORGANIC WASTE (bio). Residues derived from living organisms.
Organic wastes may be used as FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS
DIGESTERS. (See also: BIOMASS)
F - dechets organiques
S - desperdicios organicos
OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL
ORIENTATION (sol). The arrangement of windows on a building
or solar device along a given AXIS to face in a
direction best suited to absorb SOLAR RADIATION. This is
an essential element in planning PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
systems for homes and other buildings.
F - exposition
S - orientacion
OSMOSIS (gen). The process by which a solvent is DIFFUSED
through a semipermeable MEMBRANE into a more
CONCENTRATED solution.
F - osmose
S - osmosis
OVERFLOW WEIR (hydr). (See: WEIR)
F - deversoir de trop-plein
S - vertedero de superficie
OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL (hydr). A WATER WHEEL powered by a
HEADRACE that discharges over the outer circumference of
the wheel. (Syn: overshot gravity wheel)
F - roue en dessus
S - rueda hidraulica de admision superior
<FIGURE>
10p91.gif (486x486)
P
PACKED COLUMN (alc). A type of STILL COLUMN or pipe that
is used in ALCOHOL DISTILLATION. It is filled with such
material as metal filings, plastic, or glass beads.
Packed columns increase ALCOHOL yields by providing continuous
redistillation of the ALCOHOL VAPOR as it moves
up the still column.
F - colonne garnie
S - columna compacta
PANEMONE (wind). A VERTICAL-AXIS WIND MACHINE, generally
a DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINE, that can react to winds from
any direction.
F - panemone
S - molino de eje vertical
PARABOLA (sol). The geometrically-curved shape used in the
design of SOLAR COOKERS to focus sunlight on a single
point. A parabola is based on a family of quadratic
curves.
F - parabole
S - parabola
PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COOKER (sol). A SOLAR COOKER that
uses a PARABOLIC DISH to focus sunlight.
F - cuiseur solaire a miroir concave
S - cocina parabolica concentrante
PARABOLIC DISH (sol). A SOLAR ENERGY device shaped like a
dish or bowl, with the characteristics of a PARABOLA. It
focuses sunlight on a point or a very small area.
F - parabolique solaire
S - plato parabolico
PARABOLIC MIRROR (sol). A device with a large, shiny,
curved surface that focuses SOLAR RADIATION on a
specific point, such as a cooking vessel, for heating or
boiling.
F - miroir parabolique
S - espejo parabolico
PASCAL'S LAW (gen). The law stating that pressure applied
to a confined FLUID at any point is transmitted throughout
the fluid in all directions. The pressure acts upon
every part of the confining vessel at right angles to
its interior surfaces, acting equally upon equal areas.
F - loi de Pascal
S - ley de Pascal
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN (sol). An architectural design that
makes use of the structural elements of a building to
heat or cool spaces in the building.
F - systeme solaire passif
S - diseno solar pasivo
PELTON WHEEL
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING (sol). The SOLAR HEATING of a building
by use of architectural design, without the aid of
mechanical equipment.
F - chauffage solaire passif
S - calefaccion solar pasiva
PATENT SAIL (wind) (arc). A SAIL fitted with SHUTTERS
that are controlled automatically.
F - aile a volets
S - aspa patente
PATHOGENIC ORGANISM (bio). (See: PATHOGENS)
F - organisme pathogene
S - organismos patogenicos
PATHOGENS (bio). Harmful micro-organisms, such as BACTERIA
and viruses. Pathogens may be found in human, animal,
and other wastes, and help spread disease.
F - microbes pathogenes
S - patogenos
PEAK WATT (sol) (meas) (elec). Unit used for the performance
rating of PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTERS. A system rated
at one peak watt will deliver one WATT at the specified
working voltage under peak SOLAR IRRADIATION.
F - watt-crete
S - vatio maximo
PEAT (bio) (biocon). Partially decomposed ORGANIC MATTER
formed in marshes and swamps. Dried peat is useful as a
fuel.
F - tourbe
S - turba
PEBBLE BED (sol). A large bin of uniformly-sized pebbles
that is used to store heat in SOLAR HEATING or SOLAR
COOLING systems. A pebble bed is one type of HEAT SINK.
F - lit de galets
S - lecho de gravilla
PEDAL POWER (gen). Mechanical or electrical POWER generated
by the use of a bicycle-gearing apparatus. Pedal
power may be used for buffing, lathing, grinding grain
or meat, operating a potter's wheel, driving a small
GENERATOR, turning a sharpening stone, operating a corn
sheller, and other applications.
F - energie par pedalier
S - potencia generada por pedal
PEDAL-POWER UNIT (impl). (See: PEDAL POWER; DYNAPOD)
F - appareil a entrainement par pedales
S - unidad de potencia-pedal
PELTON WHEEL (hydr). An IMPULSE WATER TURBINE in which the
pressure of the water supply is concentrated through a
few stationary nozzles. The JETS of water strike the
BUCKETS, which are mounted on the RUNNER. Pelton wheels
usually are limited to installations with HEADS that
exceed 500 feet, or about 160 meters. (Syn: Pelton
turbine)
F - roue Pelton
S - rueda Pelton
<FIGURE>
10p94a.gif (486x486)
PENSTOCK
PENSTOCK (hydr). A water conduit from a DAM to a
TURBINE or WATER WHEEL. (See also: CHANNEL)
F - conduite forcee
S - paradera de caz
<FIGURE>
10p94b.gif (486x486)
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
pH (chem) (meas). Potential hydrogen. The symbol that
denotes a measurement of the effective hydrogen ion
CONCENTRATION. On a scale of 0 to 14, 7 represents
neutrality. Numbers less then 7 indicate increasing
ACIDITY. Numbers greater than 7 indicate increasing
ALKALINITY of a solution.
F - pH
S - pH
PHOTOMETER (sol) (meas). A device that measures the
intensity of light.
F - photometre
S - fotometro
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY (sol). A number of PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
that are electrically connected in a series and/or in
parallel so as to provide the desired POWER and
voltage. The modules are mounted on a sturdy framework
that generally faces the equator. The array may be
tailored to the requirements of a particular application
and location. Such an array is valuable because it can
generate electricity from sunlight without the use of
moving mechanical parts.
F - chapelet de photopiles
S - conjunto fotovoltaico
<FIGURE>
10p95.gif (437x437)
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL (sol). A SOLAR ENERGY device that
changes light into electrical ENERGY. The cell is a
small square or circular wafer made of treated SILICON
or other semiconductor material.
F - cellule photovoltaique
S - celula fotovoltaica
PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTER
PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTER (sol). (See: PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
F - convertisseur photovoltaique
S - convertidor fotovoltaico
PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE (sol). The basic building block of a
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY, which consists of a number of
interconnected SOLAR CELLS.
F - module photovoltaique
S - modulo fotovoltaico
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL (sol). (Syn: PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE)
F - panneau photovoltaique
S - panel fotovoltaico
PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS (sol). A process by which light rays
are converted directly into electrical ENERGY.
F - conversion photovoltaique
S - proceso fotovoltaico
PITCH (wind) (meas). The angle between the BLADE surface
and the ANGLE OF ATTACK in a WINDMILL.
F - pas
S - paso
PITCH-BACK WATER WHEEL (hydr). An OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL in
which the trough carrying water to the wheel is modified
to discharge onto the near side of the wheel, thus
reversing the normal direction of rotation.
F - roue hydraulique a jet inverse
S - rueda hidraulica de engranaje
PIT KILN (heat). A KILN made from a hole that is dug in
the ground.
F - four en terre
S - horno de foso
PLUG FLOW GENERATOR (biocon) (impl). A BIOGAS DIGESTER
with no mechanical agitation through which the SLURRY
passes along in more or less discrete "plugs," creating
a cycle of "first in-first out." The EFFLUENT is then
theoretically composed only of older slurry. The plug
flow design differs from traditional designs, in which
all slurry is purposely mixed together in a single pit
or tank.
F - generateur a effet bouchon
S - generador de flujo
POLL ENDS (arc) (wind). (See: CANISTER)
F - bouts de mats
S - puntas
POLYSACCHARIDE (chem). (See: STARCH)
F - polysaccharide
S - polisacarido
POLYURETHANE FOAM (constr). A very lightweight plastic or
other synthetic insulating material.
F - mousse de polyurethanne
S - espuma de poliuretano
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
POLYVINYL ACETATE (chem) (sol). A clear plastic made of
CELLULOSE ACETATE and used as GLAZING on SOLAR
COLLECTORS.
F - acetate de polyvinyle
S - acetato de polivinilo
PONCELET WHEEL (hydr). An UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL made with
curved metal BLADES.
F - roue Poncelet
S - rueda hidraulica Poncelet
<FIGURE>
10p97.gif (437x437)
POST MILL (wind) (arc). This is the earliest type of
European WINDMILL. The body of the windmill is balanced
on a large post and trestle. The entire body revolves to
turn the BLADES into the wind.
F - moulin pivot
S - molino de poste
<FIGURE>
10p98.gif (437x437)
POTENTIAL HYDROGEN (chem) (meas). (See: pH)
F - potentiel d'hydrogene
S - potencial de hidrogeno
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (meas). A measurement of gas pressure.
Commonly abbreviated as psi.
F - livres par pouce carre
S - libras/[pulgada.sup.2]
POWER
POWER (gen). The rate at which ENERGY is consumed or
produced.
F - puissance
S - potencia
POWER COEFFICIENT (wind) (meas). The ratio of the POWER
extracted by a WIND MACHINE ROTOR to the power available
in a wind stream.
F - coefficient de puissance
S - coeficiente de potencia
POWER DENSITY (wind) (meas). The amount of POWER per unit
of a cross-sectional area of a wind stream.
F - puissance volumique
S - densidad de potencia
PRODUCER GAS
PRECULTURE (alc). A method for reducing the time and
increasing the EFFICIENCY of FERMENTATION. The preculture
process involves CONCENTRATING the ALCOHOL-producing
YEAST before introducing it into the FERMENTATION
TANK.
F - preculture
S - precultivo
PREPARED ORGANIC WASTE (biocon). BIOMASS mixed with water
for use in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. (Syn: SLURRY)
F - dechets organiques prepares
S - desperdicio organico preparado
PREVAILING WIND (wind). The direction from which the wind
blows most often. This is an important consideration in
selecting a site for a WINDMILL.
F - vent dominant
S - viento dominante
PRODUCER GAS (prod). A combination of COMBUSTIBLE GASES
created through the combustion of wood or coal in a
controlled-air environment. Producer gas may be used to
drive gasoline or diesel engines.
F - gaz de gazogene
S - gas pobre
PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR
PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR (gen). A furnace in which COMBUSTIBLE
GASES are produced for use as a fuel.
F - gazogene
S - generador de gas pobre
<FIGURE>
10p99.gif (486x486)
PROOF (alc) (meas). A unit measurement of the strength of
ALCOHOL. The proof is twice the percentage of the alcohol
in the liquid. Alcohol that is 90 proof contains 45
percent alcohol. (See also: PROOF-GALLON)
F - degre en alcool
S - graduacion normal
PROOF-GALLON (alc) (meas). A standard U.S. gallon of a
mixture that is 50 percent ALCOHOL and 50 percent water
(i.e., that is 100 proof). An alcohol/water mixture that
contains a different ratio of each may be translated
into proof-gallons by moving the decimal point of the
proof two places to the left and multiplying by the
total number of gallons of the mixture.
F - proof-gallon
S - proof-gallon
PSI (meas). Abbreviation for POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH.
F - psi
S - lb/[pulg.sup.2]
PYRANOMETER (meas) (sol). A device that measures total
GLOBAL RADIATION.
F - pyranometre
S - piranometro
PYROHELIOMETER (meas) (sol). An instrument that measures
SOLAR RADIATION from the sun, or from a small portion of
the sky that surrounds the sun.
F - pyroheliometre
S - piroheliometro
PYROLYSIS (chem). The DECOMPOSITION of a substance
subjected to very high heat.
F - pyrolyse
S - pirolisis
Q
QUAD (meas). One quadrillion BTUs. It is expressed as
either [10.sup.15] or 1,000,000,000,000,000 BTus. A quad is
used to measure any large unit of energy such as wood,
gasoline, coal, etc. For example, a quad can be used to
describe the amount of THERMAL ENERGY that is potentially
available from burning a certain acreage of trees in
WOODSTOVES.
F - quad
S - cuad
QUARTERING (wind). The action of turning a WINDMILL broadside
to the WIND.
F - larguage
S - venteo
R
RACE (hydr). An AQUEDUCT or CHANNEL that carries water to
and from the place where it is used to drive a HYDROPOWER
device.
F - chenal
S - canal de trabajo
RADIAL FLOW (hydr). A type of HYDROPOWER device in which
the water flows out radially from the power shaft. (See
also: FRANCIS TURBINE)
F - ecoulement radial
S - flujo radial
RADIANT ENERGY (sol). ENERGY in the form of electromagnetic
waves that travels outward in all directions from
its source.
F - energie rayonnante
S - energia radiante
RADIANT PANELS (sol). SOLAR COLLECTORS with integral passages
for the FLOW of HEAT TRANSFER FLUID. Heat from the
fluid is conducted into a room or building by THERMAL
RADIATION.
F - panneaux rayonnants
S - paneles radiantes
RADIATION (sol). Electromagnetic waves that directly
transport ENERGY through space. Sunlight is a form of
radiation.
F - rayonnement
S - radiacion
RATED POWER CAPACITY (wind) (meas). The expected POWER
output of a WIND MACHINE. It is equal to either the
maximum power of the machine or to an output at some
WIND SPEED less than the maximum speed, but at which
GOVERNING controls start to reduce the power.
F - puissance nominale
S - capacidad de potencia tasada
RATED WIND SPEED (meas) (wind). The WIND SPEED at which a
WIND MACHINE delivers its RATED POWER CAPACITY.
F - vitesse nominale du vent
S - velocidad eolica tasada
RATE LIMITING STEP (biocon). Whichever stage in the ANAERIOBIC
process that is slowest. Since each step
in the digestion process requires the preceeding one to
be completed before it can begin, the overall gas production
rate is limited by the slowest step.
F - stage limitant la cadence
S - etapa de velocidad limitadora
RECTIFIER
RAW SLUDGE (biocon). Fresh, undried, uncomposted EFFLUENT
from a DIGESTER. Also residue in the same condition from
the bottom of a digester.
F - boues brutes
S - cienos sin tratar
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION (wind). Standard WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION
that is useful in wind site analysis. It is a
probability density function that allows one to model
the wind speed distribution based on a single input
parameter. (See also: WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION)
F - distribution de Rayleigh
S - distribucion de Rayleigh
REACTION TURBINE (hydr). A WATER TURBINE that uses the
mass or weight of water hitting the RUNNER as opposed to
being driven by the velocity of the water.
F - turbine a reaction
S - turbina a reaccion
REACTION WATER WHEEL (hydr). A WATER WHEEL that uses the
mass or weight of water falling onto it rather than the
FLOW.
F - roue hydraulique a reaction
S - rueda hidraulica reactiva
RECIPROCATING ENGINE (hydr). A device that converts the
potential ENERGY in a FLUID to mechanical energy by
expanding the FLUID against a piston.
F - moteur a pistons
S - maquina alternativa
RECIPROCATING PUMP (wind). A type of water pump commonly
used with WINDMILLS. Motion and pressure are applied to
the water by a piston moving up and down in a CYLINDER.
The piston is powered by the WINDMILL.
F - pompe alternative
S - bomba aspirante e impelente
RECLAIMED OIL (heat). (See: USED OIL)
F - huile de recuperation
S - aceite recuperado
RECOVERED ENERGY (gen). Heat or other ENERGY that normally
would be lost during a process, but instead is captured
and reused. For example, FLUE gases may be used for
drying purposes.
F - energie recuperee
S - energia recobrada
RECTIFIER [1] (alc) (impl). A second column on an ALCOHOL
STILL that is used to further remove water from the
ALCOHOL VAPOR, thus increasing the PROOF of the alcohol.
This increase in CONCENTRATION is achieved by the
repeated interaction of the rising vapor with the liquid
DISTILLATE. [2] (elec). A device that converts ALTERNATING
CURRENT (ac) into DIRECT CURRENT (dc).
F - [1] colonne de rectification; [2] redresseur
S - [1] rectificadora; [2] rectificador
RECTIFYING COLUMN
RECTIFYING COLUMN (alc) (impl). [See: RECTIFIER (alc)]
F - colonne de rectification
S - columna de rectificar
REDUCING SUGAR (alc). (See: MONOSACCHARIDE)
F - sucre reducteur
S - azucar reductora
REEFING (wind). Rolling and tying down a portion of a
WINDMILL SAIL to reduce the area exposed to the wind.
F - prendre les ris
S - recoger las velas
REFLECTANCE (sol). The ratio of RADIATION reflected from a
surface to that incident on the surface. [See also:
REFLECTIVITY (2)].
F - facteur de reflexion
S - reflectancia
REFLECTED RADIATION (sol). SOLAR RADIATION that has been
reflected from such surfaces as the ground or buildings,
and which ultimately becomes INCIDENT RADIATION.
F - rayonnement reflechi
S - radiacion reflejada
REFLECTIVITY (sol) (meas). [1] The ability to reflect
SOLAR RADIATION, which is possessed to some degree by
all materials. It is called the ALBEDO in atmospheric
references. [2] The ratio of RADIANT ENERGY reflected by
a body to that falling upon it.
F - pouvoir reflecteur
S - reflectividad
REFLECTOMETER (sol) (meas). A PHOTOMETER or other electronic
device that measures REFLECTANCE or RADIANT
ENERGY.
F - reflectometre
S - reflectometro
REFLECTOR (sol). A device that can be used to reflect and
focus SOLAR RADIATION.
F - reflecteur
S - reflector
REFLECTOR BACKING (sol). The material used on the rear
part of a SOLAR REFLECTOR. (See also: MASONITE)
F - renfort de reflecteur
S - revestimiento reflector
REFLECTOR COOKER (sol). (See: REFLECTOR-TYPE SOLAR COOKER)
F - cuiseur a reflecteur
S - hornillo reflector
RETURN TIME
REFLECTOR-TYPE SOLAR COOKER (sol). A SOLAR COOKER in which
a REFLECTOR concentrates the sun's rays on a cooking
device.
F - cuiseur solaire a reflecteur
S - hornillo solar reflector
REFLUX (alc). Liquid ALCOHOL that is condensed in a
DISTILLATION COLUMN, and then reintroduced into the
column to increase its CONCENTRATION.
F - reflux
S - reflujo
REFRIGERANT (refrig). A VOLATILE substance that can be
used as a working FLUID in a cooling system.
F - refrigerant
S - refrigerante
REFRIGERATION (refrig). The act or process of making or
keeping something cool or cold. It especially applies to
the use of artificial means for cooling.
F - refrigeration
S - refrigeracion
RENEWABLE ENERGY (gen). ENERGY produced from regenerative
or virtually inexhaustible resources such as BIOMASS,
SOLAR RADIATION, the wind, water, or heat from the
Earth's interior.
F - energie renouvelable
S - energia renovable
RENEWABLE RESOURCES (gen). (See: RENEWABLE ENERGY)
F - ressources renouvelables
S - recursos renovables
RESISTANCE VALUE (constr) (meas). A rating of a substance's
thermal resistance to summer HEAT GAIN or
winter heat loss. It is used as a measure of insulation
efficiency. (Syn: R-VALUE) (See also: U-VALUE)
F - resistance thermique
S - valor de resistencia
RETORT (alc) (gen). [1] A vessel in which substances are
subjected to heat for the purpose of DISTILLATION or
DECOMPOSITION. A retort is distinguished from a STILL in
that it is more often used for the treatment of solid or
semisolid substances. [2] A closed container used in
CHARCOAL production in which COMBUSTIBLE GASES are
captured and made into liquids, generally through
CONDENSATION.
F - cornue
S - retorta
RETROFITTING (sol). The installation of SOLAR HEATING or
SOLAR COOLING systems in existing structures.
F - readaptation
S - modificacion retroactiva
RETURN TIME (wind) (meas). The length of time during which
low winds prevent a WINDMILL from reaching its CUT-IN
SPEED or START-UP SPEED. The "down time" or time period
when the wind is too low to enable a WINDMILL to reach
its cut-in speed or start-up speed.
F - temps mort
S - tiempo de restablecimiento
REYNOLDS' NUMBER
REYNOLDS' NUMBER (meas) (sol) (wind). The ratio of
material forces to VISCOUS forces in any FLUID FLOW. The
Reynolds' number is determined through the following
equation: (PVD)/U where:
P (rho) = density
V = velocity
D = length of flow distance
U (mu) = viscosity.
F - nombre de Reynolds
S - numero de Reynolds
RICE HUSK STOVE (biocon). A stove designed to use rice
husks as its primary fuel.
F - poele a paille de riz
S - estufa de cascaras de arroz
RIGGING (wind) (impl). Collectively, all the ropes and
cords used to support the mast of the WINDMILL, and to
FURL or unfurl the SAILS.
F - haubanage
S - cordaje
RIPARIAN RIGHTS (hydr). The right of a landowner to the
water on or bordering his or her property, including the
right to prevent diversion or misuse of upstream water.
F - droits de riverainete
S - derechos riberenos
RISER (alc). A tube that penetrates a plate in a STILL
COLUMN, allowing ALCOHOL VAPORS to move up the column. A
perforated cap or cup is placed on top of each riser to
distribute the vapor into the column section and to
prevent water from dripping into the riser.
F - colonne montante
S - tubo de subida
RIVER GENERATOR (elec) (hydr). A HYDROELECTRIC GENERATOR
that gets its power from a river or other FLOWING water.
F - generateur riverain
S - generador fluvial
ROCKBED (sol). A heat storage container filled with rocks
or pebbles that is used in SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING
systems.
F - lit de pierres
S - fondo de roca
ROCKBED COOLING SYSTEM (sol). A passive air-conditioning
system that circulates a building's air through a bed of
rocks that has cooled during the night or early morning.
F - refroidissement par lit de pierres, systeme de
S - sistema de enfriamiento con lecho de roca
R-VALUE
ROCKER ARM (wind) (impl). A support mechanism that rotates
on a shaft at one end while moving up and down at the
other. It is used to convert the rotating motion of a
WINDMILL to an up-and-down motion, usually for pumping.
F - culbuteur
S - balancin
ROLLER REEFING SAIL (wind) (arc). A ROTOR BLADE that is
fitted with canvas strips (SAILS) wound on ROLLERS. The
rollers are used for REEFING the sails.
F - aile a rouleaux de prise de ris
S - aspa con rodillos
ROLLERS (wind) (arc). BEARINGS between the CURB and the
CAP of a TOWER MILL or SMOCK MILL. The rollers allow the
top of the MILL to turn into the wind.
F - rouleaux
S - rodillos
ROTOR (wind). The assembly of SAILS or BLADES that rotate
about an AXIS created by the WIND SHAFT of a WINDMILL.
F - rotor
S - rotor
ROTOR SHAFT (wind). (See: WIND SHAFT)
F - arbre de rotor
S - eje del rotor
RUNG (hydr) (wind). [1] The BLADES of a WATER WHEEL. [2]
The transverse iron rods that hold the SAIL CLOTHS in a
WINDMILL.
F - [1] palette; [2] barreau
S - paleta
RUNNER (hydr). The TURBINE wheel.
F - roue de turbine
S - rueda movil
<FIGURE>
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R-VALUE (meas). (See: RESISTANCE VALUE)
F - resistance thermique
S - valor R
S
SACCHARIFICATION (alc). A conversion process using ACIDS,
BASES, or ENZYMES in which CARBOHYDRATES are broken down
into FERMENTABLE SUGARS. (See also: FERMENTATION)
F - saccharification
S - sacarificacion
SAIL (wind). A piece of cloth attached between each of the
SPARS of a WINDMILL for the purpose of catching the
wind. Also used to define windmill sails collectively.
F - aile
S - vela
SAIL BACK (wind) (arc). A single SPAR that replaces the
STOCK and WHIP in WINDMILLS that are fitted with iron
crosses instead of POLL ENDS.
F - bras d'aile
S - barra del aspa
SAILCLOTH (wind). Very strong cotton or canvas that may
be used for SAILS on WINDMILLS.
F - toile a voile
S - lona
SAILWING WINDMILL (wind). A WINDMILL that has a small
number of cloth SAILS. Sailwing windmills are usually
simple designs, and are most commonly used for water
pumping.
F - moulin a volants
S - molino de viento con vela de lona
SALT (chem). A product formed by the neutralization of
an ACID by a BASE.
F - sel
S - sal
SANITATION/DIGESTER SYSTEM (biocon). A BIOGAS system that
combines METHANE production with facilities to dispose
of human excreta. This also is an effective way to
eliminate dangerous PATHOGENS.
F - systeme sanitaire/digesteur
S - sistema de saneamiento/digestor
SAVONIUS ROTOR (wind). A WIND MACHINE with a VERTICAL
AXIS, often made from split oil drums. It is a DRAG-TYPE
device with relatively low EFFICIENCY, but with
high starting TORQUE.
F - rotor de Savonius
S - rotor Savonius
<FIGURE>
10p109.gif (600x600)
SCOOP WHEEL
SAWDUST STOVE (biocon). A stove designed to use sawdust as
its primary fuel.
F - poele a sciure de bois
S - estufa de aserrin
<FIGURE>
10p110.gif (486x486)
SCOOP WHEEL (wind) (arc). A vertical, cast-iron wheel with
wooden BLADES or scoops that lift water from one level
to another. Scoop wheels usually are driven by
WINDMILLS.
F - roue a godets
S - rueda de cangilones
SCRUBBING
SCRUBBING (biocon). [1] Removing unwanted gases from
BIOGAS or PRODUCER GAS. [2] The process of removing an
undesirable, and usually corrosive, component or components
from a COMBUSTIBLE GAS mixture. This is done by
passing the mixture upwards and counter to a stream of
liquid that is capable of selectively ADSORBING the
undesirable components. Gases can also be scrubbed by
passing them through iron filings.
F - epuration
S - proceso de lavado
SHADING COEFFICIENT
SCUM (biocon). In BIOGAS DIGESTION, a mixture of coarse,
fibrous material floating on the surface of the SLURRY.
The accumulation of scum may inhibit METHANE production.
F - ecume
S - nata espumosa
SCUM CONTROL DEVICE (biocon) (impl). A mechanism, usually
some type of STIRRING device, that is used to break up
the layer of SCUM that rises to the surface in a BIOGAS
DIGESTER.
F - dispositif pour le controle de l'ecume
S - aparato controlador de la nata
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (gen). The law stating that
ENERGY FLOWS from a higher CONCENTRATION to a lower
concentration.
F - seconde loi de la thermodynamique
S - segunda ley termodinamica
SEED (biocon). (See: INOCULUM)
F - germe
S - semilla
SELECTIVE SURFACE (sol). A specially adapted surface coating
for a COLLECTOR that has high SOLAR RADIATION
ABSORPTANCE and low THERMAL EMITTANCE. It is used on the
surface of ABSORBER PLATES to increase collector
EFFICIENCY.
F - vitrage selectif
S - superficie selectiva
SELF-SUPPORTING TOWER (wind). A TOWER, usually made of
steel, which supports a WINDMILL without the use of GUY
WIRES.
F - pylone autoporteur
S - torre autoportante
SENSIBLE HEAT (heat). That heat, which, when added or
subtracted, results only in a temperature change (as
opposed to a chemical or other reaction).
F - chaleur sensible
S - calefaccion termosensible
SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE (heat). A heat storage medium in
which the addition or removal of heat results only in a
temperature change (as opposed to a chemical or other
reaction). The storage medium often consists of water or
gravel.
F - stockage de chaleur sensible
S - almacenaje termosensible
SHADING COEFFICIENT (sol) (meas). A method for determining
reductions in solar HEAT GAIN caused by certain kinds of
GLAZING. It is determined by dividing the solar heat
gain through a sheet of glazing under specific conditions
by the solar gain through a single-color DOUBLE-GLAZING
under the same conditions. The lower the number,
the greater the reduction in solar heat gain.
F - coefficient de vitrage
S - coeficiente de sombra
SHEAR
SHEAR (wind). Variations in horizontal WIND SPEED due to
the distance of the wind from the ground. The higher
the wind is above the ground, the faster it moves
because of the reduced friction.
F - cisaillement
S - gradiente transversal de la velocidad del viento
SHOT CURB (wind) (arc). (See: LIVE CURB)
F - chemin de roulement
S - reborde movil
SHROUD (wind) (arc) (hydr). [1] A structure used to concentrate
or deflect a stream of wind. [2] A deep rim
partially enclosing the BUCKETS in OVERSHOT WATER WHEELS
or BREAST WHEELS.
F - [1] carenage; [2] bache
S - refuerzo
SHROUDED WINDMILL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL with a funnel-like
structure around the outside edge of the SWEPT AREA
that forces wind from a larger area to pass through the
BLADES.
F - eolienne carenee
S - molino de viento reforzado
SHUTTERS (wind) (arc). Pivoting slats that are used
instead of SAILCLOTH in SPRING SAILS and PATENT SAILS.
F - volets
S - hojas basculantes
SIEVE PLATE (alc). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL
COLUMN. It is one of a series of perforated plates that
is used to promote the contact of liquid with vapor in
the column.
F - plateau perfore
S - placa perforada
SILICON SOLAR CELL (sol). A SOLAR CELL made with the
crystalline element SILICON as part of its conductor.
F - cellule solaire a la silicone
S - celula solar de silicio
SILVICULTURAL BIOMASS (biocon). BIOMASS from trees.
F - biomasse de sylviculture
S - biomasa de silvicultura
SINGLE-AXIS TRACKING COLLECTOR (sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR
that follows the path of the sun on only one AXIS.
F - capteur a poursuite du soleil autour d'un seul axe
S - colector de seguimiento monoaxial
SINGLE SHUTTERED (wind) (arc). A SAIL having SHUTTERS on
only one side of the WHIP.
F - a obturation simple
S - aspa de monohoja
SMOCK MILL
SITE SELECTION (gen). The process of locating the best
available site to build or place a WlND MACHINE,
HYDROPOWER device, or SOLAR POWER device.
F - choix du site
S - seleccion del emplazamiento
SKY DOME (sol). The sky above the horizon in all
directions, as seen from a particular area.
F - dome du ciel
S - domo aereo
SKYLIGHT (sol). A roof opening that is covered with
GLAZING and that allows sunlight to enter a house or
room.
F - lucarne
S - tragaluz
SKYSCRAPERS (wind) (arc). (See: AIR BRAKES)
F - freins a vent
S - rascacielos
SLOPE (hydr) (meas). A CHANNEL FLOW calculation equal to
the number of feet a surface "drops" or inclines
downward per 1,000 feet of horizontal distance; also
expressed in meters of drop per kilometer.
F - pente
S - pendiente
SLUDGE (biocon). Solid material that collects at the
bottom of a DIGESTER.
F - boues
S - sedimentos
SLUDGE GAS (biocon). An alternative name used for BIOGAS,
particularly when the gas is produced by sewage.
F - gaz de vidange
S - gas de lodo
SLUICE (hydr). A manmade CHANNEL or waterway to conduct
water to a HYDROPOWER device. It generally has one or
more adjustable gates to regulate the FLOW of water.
F - canal a vannes
S - esclusa
SLUICEWAY (hydr). (See: SLUICE)
F - chenal d'ecluse
S - saetin
SLURRY (biocon). The semisolid material in a BIOGAS
DIGESTER consisting of BIOMASS mixed with water.
F - boue
S - fango
SMOCK MILL (wind) (arc). The timber-framed counterpart to
the TOWER MILL. The smock mill frame generally is
covered with boarding to protect it from the weather.
F - moulin a calotte pivotante
S - molino a la holandesa
SMOKE CHAMBER
SMOKE CHAMBER (heat). The section in a fireplace FLUE that
is directly above the DAMPER.
F - conduite de fumee
S - camara de humo
SODIUM CARBONATE (biocon). A BASE used to control pH
(POTENTIAL HYDROGEN). It is useful in maintaining the pH
balance in a BIOGAS DIGESTER, and to a somewhat lesser
degree in ALCOHOL STILLS.
F - carbonate de sodium
S - carbonato de sodio
SOLAR ABSORBER (sol). A sheet of material, usually copper,
aluminum, or steel that forms the surface of a SOLAR
COLLECTOR. It collects and retains SOLAR RADIATION,
which is passed to a HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.
F - absorbeur solaire
S - absorbente solar
SOLAR ABSORPTION (sol). The absorption of SOLAR RADIATION
by a material.
F - absorption solaire
S - absorcion solar
SOLAR ALTITUDE (sol). The sun's angle above the horizon,
as measured in a vertical plane.
F- hauteur du soleil
S- altura solar
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE (sol). (See: PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN)
F - architecture solaire
S - arquitectura solar
SOLAR ARRAY (sol). A group of SOLAR COLLECTORS or
PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES.
F - panneau solaire
S - conjunto solar
SOLAR AZIMUTH (sol). The horizontal angle between the sun
and due south in the northern hemisphere, or between the
sun and due north in the southern hemisphere. (Syn:
bearing angle)
F - azimut du soleil
S - azimut solar
SOLAR BATTERY (sol). A BATTERY that is charged through
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.
F - pile solaire
S - bateria solar
SOLAR CABINET DRYER (sol). (See: SOLAR CROP DRYER)
F - chambre de sechage solaire
S - secador solar de gabinete
SOLAR CELL (sol). (See: PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
F - cellule solaire
S - celula solar
SOLAR DECLINATION
SOLAR COATING (sol). FLAT BLACK PAINT or some other
ABSORPTIVE substance that is applied to the ABSORBER
PLATE of a SOLAR COLLECTOR to help it absorb, rather
than reflect, sunlight.
F - couche antireflet
S - revestimiento solar
SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol). A device that gathers and accumulates
SOLAR RADIATION to produce heat. Nearly all solar
collectors have a layer of GLAZING on top to trap heat
that has passed into the collector. Beneath the glazing
is a solar ABSORBER PLATE, which transfers heat to a
HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM. The medium may be air, water, an
antifreeze solution, or other substance(s).
F - capteur solaire
S - colector de radiacion solar
SOLAR COLLECTOR CONNECTIONS (sol). Inlets and outlets
leading to and from SOLAR COLLECTORS and connecting the
collectors with related apparatus. In the case of water
tanks that run water through collectors, there will be
an outlet near the bottom of the tank and an inlet near
the top of the tank. Likewise, there will be an inlet
near the bottom of the collector and an outlet near the
top of the collector.
F - raccordements pour capteurs
S - conexiones del colector solar
SOLAR COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY (sol) (meas). The total SOLAR
RADIATION that is incident on a COLLECTOR during a
specific time period.
F - rendement radiatif
S - rendimiento del colector solar
SOLAR CONCENTRATOR (sol). The part of a SOLAR COLLECTOR
that focuses sunlight onto an ABSORBER surface.
F - concentrateur solaire
S - concentrador solar
SOLAR COOKER (sol). A general term for the many types of
SOLAR-POWERED cooking devices.
F - cuiseur solaire
S - cocina por calor solar
SOLAR COOLING (sol). A SOLAR SYSTEM used to lower the
temperature in a room or a device.
F - refroidissement solaire
S - enfriamiento solar
SOLAR CROP DRYER (sol). An apparatus that uses SOLAR
RADIATION to dry rice, grain, fruit, vegetables, or
other foods.
F - sechoir solaire pour recoltes
S - secador solar para alimentos
SOLAR CROP DRYER (sol). An apparatus that uses SOLAR
RADIATION to dry rice, grain, fruit, vegetables, or
other foods.
F - sechoir solaire pour recoltes
S - secador solar para alimentos
SOLAR DECLINATION (sol). The angle of the sun north or
south of the equatorial plane. It is plus if north of
the plane, and minus if south of the plane.
F - declinaison solaire
S - declinacion solar
SOLAR DISH
SOLAR DISH (sol). (See: PARABOLIC DISH)
F - miroir solaire
S - reflector parabolico
SOLAR DISTILLATE (sol). The product resulting from SOLAR
DISTILLATION.
F - distillat solaire
S - destilado solar
SOLAR DISTILLATION (sol). A process in which SOLAR ENERGY
is trapped and used to evaporate impure or salty water.
The water vapor CONDENSES as distilled water that can be
used for drinking or for other uses.
F - distillation solaire
S - destilacion solar
SOLAR DRYER (sol). Any device that uses SOLAR RADIATION to
remove moisture from a substance. (See also: SOLAR CROP
DRYER)
F - sechoir solaire
S - secador solar
SOLAR DRYING (sol). (See: SOLAR DRYER)
F - sechage par energie solaire
S - secado por energia solar
SOLAR ELECTRICITY (sol). Electricity that is produced from
SOLAR ENERGY sources. (See also: PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS;
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
F - electricite solaire
S - electricidad solar
SOLAR ENERGY (sol). The electromagnetic RADIATION generated
by the sun. Solar energy may be converted to useful
forms of ENERGY through the PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS, THERMAL
CONVERSION, or through high temperature concentrators
and COLLECTORS. Solar energy initially is usually
captured in the form of heat, and is therefore best used
for a variety of heating purposes. This may be done
through the use of SOLAR COLLECTORS and SOLAR COOKERS.
SOLAR RADIATION may also be converted directly into
electrical energy through the use of PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.
F - energie solaire
S - energia solar
SOLAR EYEBALL (sol). A type of SOLAR CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR
that uses a FRESNEL LENS to focus SOLAR RADIATION
on a PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL.
F - bulbe solaire
S - foco solar
SOLAR FURNACE (sol). A SOLAR CONCENTRATOR used to produce
very high temperatures. Also a solar device used to
obtain high temperatures by focusing the sun's rays onto
a small receiver.
F - four solaire
S - horno solar
SOLAR IRRADIANCE
SOLAR GAIN (sol). The part of a building's heat supply, or
an additional load for cooling, that is provided by
SOLAR RADIATION that strikes the building or passes into
it through windows.
it through windows.
F - apport solaire
S - ganancia por la energia solar
SOLAR GRAIN DRYER (sol). (See: SOLAR CROP DRYER)
F - sechoir solaire pour cereales
S - secador solar de granos
SOLAR GREENHOUSE (sol). Specific greenhouse designs that
take into account basic principles of PASSIVE SOLAR
HEATING. Increasingly, solar greenhouses are being
attached to dwellings. Excess heat from the greenhouse
passes into the dwelling through air CONVECTION and
THERMAL CONDUCTANCE from a mutual wall.
F - serre solaire
S - invernadero solar
<FIGURE>
10p117.gif (486x486)
SOLAR HEATING (sol). The use of a SOLAR SYSTEM to raise
the temperature in a room or a device.
F - chauffage solaire
S - calefaccion solar
SOLAR IRRADIANCE (sol). The total amount of SOLAR
RADIATION striking a given area.
F - irradiation solaire
S - irradiancia solar
SOLAR OVER
SOLAR OVEN (sol). An oven that relies on SOLAR RADIATION
as its source of ENERGY.
F - four solaire
S - horno solar
SOLAR POND (sol). A shallow body of salt water with a
black or dark bottom. When incident SOLAR RADIATION
penetrates the water, some of it is absorbed by the
water. However, a large proportion of the radiation
reaches the bottom of the pond. There it is absorbed,
heating the bottom surface. The bottom surface in turn
heats the water next to it, which then can be used as an
ENERGY source through the use of HEAT EXCHANGERS. The
pond's salinity should increase with its depth.
F - bassin solaire
S - charca solar
SOLAR POSITION (sol). The location of the sun in the sky
during the EQUINOXES, based on the latitude of the
observer. Solar position is determined by the value of
the SOLAR ALTITUDE and the SOLAR AZIMUTH.
F - position du soleil
S - posicion solar
SOLAR POWER (sol). The rate at which SOLAR ENERGY falls on
an area. The area is usually given in terms of the whole
Earth.
F - puissance solaire
S - potencia solar
SOLAR PUMP (sol). A pump that operates on SOLAR ENERGY,
either by a PHOTOVOLTAIC process or by a thermal system
in which a FLUID heated by the sun drives a TURBINE or
piston that powers the pump.
F - pompe solaire
S - bomba solar
SOLAR RADIATION (sol). RADIANT ENERGY received from the
sun, from both direct exposure and diffuse or reflected
sunlight.
F - rayonnement solaire
S - radiacion solar
SOLAR REFLECTOR (sol). A device that reflects SOLAR
RADIATION.
F - reflecteur solaire
S - reflector solar
SOLAR REFRIGERATION (sol). A process in which SOLAR
RADIATION is used to provide HEAT ENERGY to activate a
cooling process.
F - refrigeration solaire
S - refrigeracion solar
SOLAR SALT (sol). SALT obtained by SOLAR DISTILLATION of
salt water.
F - sel solaire
S - sal solar
SOLAR SYSTEM
SOLAR SHOWER (sol). A shower bath that uses a SOLAR WATER
HEATER to provide hot water.
F - douche solaire
S - ducha solar
SOLAR SITE SELECTOR (sol) (meas). A circular transparency,
similar to a map, that is used to determine solar positions
and calculate shading.
F - dispositif de selection de l'emplacement solaire
S - selector del emplazamiento solar
SOLAR SPACE HEATER (sol). A SOLAR HEATING system that
heats FLUID on a black metal surface that is under
GLAZING. The heated fluid may be circulated during the
day and stored at night.
F - appareil de chauffage solaire individuel
S - calentador espacial solar
SOLAR SPECTRUM (sol). The total distribution of electromagnetic
RADIATION emitted from the sun. It is usually
listed minus those wavelengths that are absorbed by the
atmosphere. On Earth, this amounts to about 420 trillion
KILOWATT HOURS of SOLAR POWER annually.
F - spectre solaire
S - espectro solar
SOLAR STEAM COOKER (sol). (See: INSULATED STEAM COOKER)
F - autoclave solaire
S - horno de vapor solar
SOLAR STILL (sol). A device used for SOLAR DISTILLATION.
F - alambic solaire
S - alambique solar
<FIGURE>
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SOLAR SYSTEM (sol). Any heating, cooling, or POWER system
that uses ENERGY generated by the sun.
F - systeme solaire
S - sistema solar
SOLAR WATER HEATER
SOLAR WATER HEATER (sol). A water heater that depends on
RADIANT ENERGY from the sun as its source of power.
F - chauffage-eau solaire
S - calentador de agua solar
<FIGURE>
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SOLIDITY (wind) (meas). The ratio of the BLADE surface
area to the SWEPT AREA of a ROTOR.
F - coefficient de solidite
S - solidez
SOLIDS RETENTION TIME (biocon) (meas). (See: DETENTION
TIME)
F - temps de retention des solides
S - periodo de retencion de los solidos
SOLID WASTE (biocon). Waste material in a solid state,
such as is found in households, commercial activities,
municipal plants, etc. Many solid wastes are useful in
BIOCONVERSION processes.
F - dechets solides
S - desperdicios solidos
SOLUBILIZATION (biocon). The first of three stages in the
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION of ORGANIC MATTER, in which the complex
proteins, CARBOHYDRATES, CELLULOSE, fats, and oils
are dissolved by ENZYMES. This HYDROLYSIS transforms the
complex compounds into simple amino ACIDS, simple
sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol. The simple compounds
are rendered into a form that is dissolved easily and
can pass through the cell walls of the acid-forming
BACTERIA to be FERMENTED.
F - solubilisation
S - solubilizacion
SPARK ARRESTER (impl). Screening, steel wool, or other
porous substance(s) that is placed in the distribution
pipes from a BIOGAS DIGESTER or PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR.
They prevent a spark or flame from passing back up the
pipe and causing an explosion.
F - pare-etincelle
S - parachispas
SQUARE WAVE
SPARS (wind). The frames extending from the WIND SHAFT of
a WIND MACHINE to support the SAILS.
F - bras [1]
S - [1] largueros; [2] varillaje
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (gen). The ratio of the weight of a
given volume of a substance to an equal volume of air or
water at a given temperature and pressure. The specific
gravity, which may be measured by a HYDROMETER, indicates
the CONCENTRATION of a substance in a solution.
(See also: PROOF).
F - densite
S - gravedad especifica
SPECIFIC SPEED (hydr) (meas). The speed at which a given
type of RUNNER in a TURBINE would operate if it were
reduced proportionately in size to produce one HORSE-POWER
under a one-foot (30.48 centimeter) HEAD. This
speed or velocity is expressed in revolutions per
minute. It is used to determine the proper type of
turbine to install at a HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT under
given conditions.
F - vitesse specifique
S - velocidad especifica
SPENT MASH (alc). The semisolid MASH, without the ALCOHOL,
following FERMENTATION and DISTILLATION.
F - residu de distillation
S - vinazas
SPENT SLURRY (biocon). (See: EFFLUENT)
F - boue epuisee
S - fango usado
SPILLWAY (hydr). A passage over or around a CHANNEL or DAM
through which excess water may escape.
F - deversoir
S - vertedero
SPILLWAY APRON (hydr). (See: SPILLWAY)
F - chenal du deversoir
S - paramento del vertedero
SPILLWAY CHANNEL (hydr). (See: SPILLWAY)
F - canal du deversoir
S - canal vertedor
SPRING SAIL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL BLADE fitted with
SHUTTERS that are controlled by springs.
F - aile a ressorts
S - aspa de resorte
SQUARE WAVE (wind). A type of ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac),
produced by low-cost, solid-state INVERTERS, which may
be used for most, but not all, ac appliances.
F - onde rectangulaire
S - onda cuadrada
S-ROTOR
S-ROTOR (wind). see: SAVONIUS ROTOR)
F - rotor de Savonius
S - rotor S
STACK (constr). A CHIMNEY or other passageway designed to
vent smoke from a stove, oven, furnace, etc.
F - corps de cheminee
S - canon
STACK EFFECT (heat). The impulse of a heated gas to rise
through a vertical passage, such as a CHIMNEY.
F - effet de cheminee
S - efecto de humero
STACK GAS (heat). Gases resulting from combustion, which
pass up a CHIMNEY.
F - gaz de cheminee
S - gases de la chimenea
STAGNATION (sol). The condition that may be reached in a
SOLAR COLLECTOR when the sun is shining on the device
and no FLUID is flowing through it. The resulting high
temperatures may damage the COLLECTOR.
F - stagnation
S - estancacion
STARCH (alc) (chem). A white, tasteless, solid CARBOHYDRATE
([C.sub.6][H.sub.10][O.sub.5]). Starch is a major component of many
agricultural crops, such as potatoes, grains, etc., that
are used to produce GLUCOSE.
F - amidon
S - almidon
START-UP (biocon). The process of adding INOCULUM to a
BIOGAS DIGESTER so that the digester will begin to
function.
F - mise en marche
S - puesta en marcha
START-UP SPEED (wind) (meas). The WIND VELOCITY at which a
WIND MACHINE begins to rotate.
F - vitesse de mise en marche
S - velocidad de puesta en marcha
STATIC HEAD (hydr). The vertical height from the surface
of a body of water to the water outlet of the DISCHARGE
PIPE of a TURBINE.
F - hauteur d'elevation
S - altura de elevacion
STATIONARY PEDAL POWER UNIT (gen). (See: PEDAL POWER)
F - appareil stationnaire d'entrainement par pedales
S - unidad de rendimiento del pedal inmovil
STEAM ENGINE (geo) (auto). An engine in which the mechanical
force of steam is used as a motive POWER to drive
machinery, etc.
F - moteur A vapeur
S - motor de vapor de agua
STOCK
STEAM GAS (geo). Superheated steam that is used as an
ENERGY source. Steam gas is usually obtained from
GEOTHERMAL sources.
F - vapeur surchauffee
S - gas de agua
STEAM TURBINE (gen) (geo). A TURBINE that is driven by
expanding steam or gas rather then by the velocity or
weight of water.
F - turbine a vapeur
S - turbina de vapor
STILL (gen) (alc). [1] An apparatus for DISTILLATION that
consists primarily of a closed vessel in which the solution
to be distilled is heated. It also includes mechanisms
to condense the vapor that is produced. [2] An
ALCOHOL distillation unit that consists of a container
to heat MASH, a DISTILLATION COLUMN to separate the
water from the alcohol, and a CONDENSER to convert
ALCOHOL VAPORS into liquid.
F - alambic
S - alambique
STILLAGE (alc). A mixture of non-FERMENTABLE SOLID WASTES
and water that remains in a STILL after the ALCOHOL is
removed by DISTILLATION. Stillage may be used as an
animal feed.
F - residus de distillation non-fermentable
S - residuos
STILL CAP (alc). (See: BUBBLE CAP)
F - calotte de barbotage
S - casquete de alambique
STILL COLUMN(alc) (impl). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL
that is used to separate ALCOHOL from the MASH and
water. The still column consists of SIEVE PLATES, BUBBLE
CAPS, and a DOWNCOMER.
F - colonne de distillation
S - columna de alambique
STIRLING ENGINE (auto). An external combustion engine in
which air is alternately heated and cooled to drive a
piston up and down. Hydrogen is used instead of air in
some newer models. The Stirling engine may in some cases
be nonpolluting and more efficient than the internal
combustion engine.
F - moteur de Stirling
S - motor Stirling
STIRRING (biocon). Agitating or mixing the SLURRY in a
BIOGAS DIGESTER. Stirring helps prevent SCUM buildup and
promotes METHANE production.
F - vaguage
S - agitacion
STOCK (wind) (arc). [1] A bar that is used to support a
WINDMILL SAIL. [2] A tapered SPAR that passes through
the POLL END of a windmill, supporting a pair of sails.
(Syn: sailstock)
F - fut
S - barra
STORAGE
STORAGE (gen). (See: ENERGY STORAGE)
F - stockage
S - almacenado
STORAGE CAPACITY (gen). The total amount of ENERGY that a
system is capable of holding for use at a later time.
(See also: ENERGY STORAGE)
F - capacite de stockage
S - capacidad de almacenado
STRATIFICATION (sol). In SOLAR HEATING, temperature variations
that occur in a substance or an area. The highest
temperatures are found higher up and cooler temperatures
are found lower down.
F - stratification
S - estratificacion
STRIKING GEAR (wind) (arc). The mechanism used with PATENT
SAILS to apply pressure to SHUTTERS. It consists of a
striking rod that passes through the length of the WIND
SHAFT. The rod is operated by an endless chain upon
which weights are hung. The number of weights is determined
by the force of the wind.
F - embrayage
S - engranaje de contacto
STRIPPING COLUMN (alc). The section of the STILL COLUMN in
which the ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION in the DISTILLATE is
increased and the starting solution is decreased. (Syn:
beer column)
F - colonne a desessencier
S - columna de destilacion
SUBMERGED WEIR (hydr). An underwater obstruction that
diverts water into a CHANNEL.
F - barrage immerge
S - vertedero sumergido
SUBSTRATE (bio) (biocon). [1] The particular FEEDSTOCK
component that is used by bacteria to promote their
growth and metabolism. The component often is one
particular compound. [2] ORGANIC MATTER that is used to
generate METHANE in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. (See: SLURRY)
F - substrat
S - subestrato
SUCROSE (alc) (chem). A FERMENTABLE SUGAR ([C.sub.12][H.sub.22][O.sub.11]) that
is commonly found in nature.
F - sucrose
S - sucrosa
SUCTION ANEMOMETER (wind) (meas). A device that measures
WIND VELOCITY according to the degree of exhaust caused
when the wind is blown through or across a tube.
F - anemometre a aspiration
S - anemometro de succion
SUN BASKET
SULFURIC ACID (alc) (chem). A strong ACID that is used to
increase the acidity, and thus lower the pH (POTENTIAL
HYDROGEN), in an ALCOHOL STILL.
F - acide sulfurique
S - acido sulfurico
SUN ANGLE CALCULATOR (sol) (meas). A set of transparent
curves and overlays that tells where the sun is in the
sky and that gives other SOLAR ALTITUDES. (See: SOLAR
SITE SELECTOR)
F - calculateur d'angle solaire
S - calculador del angulo solar
SUN BASKET (sol). A SOLAR COOKER in the shape of a deep
PARABOLA. This cooker may be a woven basket lined with a
reflective material.
F - panier solaire
S - cesto solar
<FIGURE>
10p125.gif (486x486)
SUN EFFECT
SUN EFFECT (sol) (meas). The amount of heat from the sun
that tends to heat an enclosed space.
F - effet solaire
S - efecto solar
SUN-TEMPERING (sol). A heating system that involves a
significant daytime SOLAR GAIN and an effective
distribution system, but which generally lacks a STORAGE
function.
F - dispositif de repartition de l'energie solaire
S - atemperacion solar
SUN-TRACKING DEVICE (sol) (impl). A device attached to a
SOLAR COLLECTOR that automatically turns the face of the
collector towards the sun.
F - dispositif de poursuite du soleil
S - dispositivo de seguimiento solar
SUPERNATANT (biocon). The liquid portion of the SLURRY
that floats above the SLUDGE in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - fraction surnageante
S - sobrenatatil
SWASH PLATE (wind). A disk set obliquely on a rotating
AXIS. It acts as a CAM to convert rotational movement
into up-and-down movement.
F - plateau oscillant
S - plato oscilante
SWEEP (wind) (arc). (See: SAIL)
F - balayage
S - barrer
SWEPT AREA (wind) (meas). The area in a plane that is
perpendicular to the wind through which a WINDMILL's
BLADES pass. The area is defined by the circumference of
the circle formed by the rotating blades, and is one
factor in determining the amount of WIND POWER available
from the wind.
F - zone balayee
S - area barrida
SWING POT (wind) (arc). A pivoting bearing that is
sometimes used to support the WIND SHAFT of a WINDMILL.
F - palier pivotant
S - cojinete pivotante
SWORD POINT (wind) (arc). The amount that a SAILCLOTH is
rolled up or REEFED to reduce its exposure to the wind.
This term refers to the pointed end on a reefed SAIL.
(See also: REEFING)
F - prise de ris
S - punto de recogida
SYNCHRONOUS INVERTER (elec) (wind). An electronic device
that can be used with a WIND GENERATOR, to convert
DIRECT CURRENT (dc) to ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac), but
which must be powered by another ac source.
F - inverseur synchrone
S - convertidor sincronico
T
TABOR SURFACE (sol). A black nickel SELECTIVE SURFACE
coating that typically absorbs 90 percent of the incoming
SOLAR RADIATION but which radiates only about 10
percent as much radiation as would be emitted by a coat
of FLAT BLACK PAINT.
F - surface de tabor
S - superficie tabor
TAIL (wind). A flat piece of sheet metal that is attached
to the extension of the WINDSHAFT of a WINDMILL. The
plane of the tail is normally perpendicular to the wind
so the tail may intercept changes in wind direction and
turn the ROTOR around to face the wind. (Syn: vane)
F - empennage
S - punta del aspa
TAIL POLE (wind) (arc). The projecting SPAR used to turn a
WINDMILL that is not equipped with automatic WINDING
gear.
F - barre de queue
S - saliente del aspa
TAILRACE (hydr). The discharging CHANNEL of a HYDROPOWER
system. It is that section of a RACE that is downstream
of a hydropower device.
F - bief d'aval
S - canal de descarga
TAILWATER (hydr). Water passing back into a discharging
CHANNEL after being applied to a HYDROPOWER device.
F - eau d'aval
S - agua de descarga
TAILWATER LEVEL (hydr) (meas). The depth of the TAILWATER
as measured at a reference point on its surface.
F - niveau de l'eau d'aval
S - nivel de la descarga
TAILWINDED (wind). The condition when a WINDMILL is caught
by a sudden change in wind direction, which exerts
pressure on the wrong side of the SAIL assembly.
F - a vent arriere
S - con viento de cola
THERMAL (gen). Having to do with the use or production of
heat. Also any reaction caused by heat.
F - thermique
S - termico
THERMAL ADMITTANCE (heat) (meas). The total amount of BTUs
that a square foot (929 square centimenters) of a surface
will admit in one hour.
F - admittance thermique
S - admision termica
THERMAL COLLECTOR
THERMAL COLLECTOR (sol). (See: COLLECTOR)
F - capteur thermique
S - colector termico
THERMAL CONDUCTANCE (heat) (meas). The amount of heat that
will pass through a given amount of material in a given
amount of time, and with a unit temperature difference
maintained between the surfaces of the material under
uniform and steady conditions.
F - conductance thermique
S - termoconductancia
THERMAL CONDUCTION (heat). Heat transfer by direct contact
from one substance to another of a lower temperature.
F - transmission de chaleur
S - termotransmision
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (heat) (meas). The ability of a
material to conduct heat. It is commonly measured in
units of THERMAL CONDUCTANCE.
F - conductivite thermique
S - termoconductibilidad
THERMAL EFFICIENCY (heat) (meas). A percentage that indicates
the available heat that is converted to useful
purposes. Thermal efficiency is used to evaluate wood-conserving
stoves and numerous other devices.
F - rendement thermique
S - termorendimiento
THERMAL ENERGY (heat). ENERGY from heat.
F - energie thermique
S - termoenergia
THERMAL LAG (meas). The time required for the temperature
of an area to reach that of an adjacent area, either by
heating or cooling. For example, the time required for
indoor air temperature to reach the cooler outside air
temperature when there is no additional heat added to
the house; or the time required for the inside surface
of a TROMBE WALL to reach the temperature of the outside
surface, which is exposed to the sun.
F - retard thermique
S - retardo termico
THERMAL MASS (gen). Material or mass of sufficient size
and density to store heat. Thermal mass walls are often
used in buildings that use PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
techniques and NIGHT SKY RADIATION. (See also: TROMBE
WALL)
F - masse thermique
S - masa termica
THERMAL POWER (gen). Any type of ENERGY generated or
developed through the use of HEAT ENERGY.
F - puissance thermique
S - termopotencia
TIDAL POWER
THERMAL WINDS (wind). Winds that are caused by the heating
of the ground by SOLAR RADIATION.
F - vents thermiques
S - vientos termicos
THERMOCOUPLE (meas) (impl). A device used to measure temperature.
It is based on the principle that an electrical
current is produced when two dissimilar wires are
joined together and the junction is heated. Thermocouples
are often used to measure temperatures at different
levels in BIOGAS DIGESTERS, WOOD STOVES, KILNS,
or other devices where use of a conventional thermometer
would be difficult.
F - thermocouple
S - termopar
THERMOPHILLIC BACTERIA (biocon). BACTERIA that grow best
in a temperature range between 122-131 [degrees] F (50-55 [degrees] C).
F - bacteries thermophiles
S - bacteria termofilica
THERMOSYPHON (sol). A CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM in which water
automatically circulates between a SOLAR COLLECTOR and a
water storage tank above it. A solar collector based on
the THERMOSYPHON PRINCIPLE uses the natural difference
in density between the warmer and cooler portions of a
liquid.
F - thermosiphon
S - termosifon
THERMOSYPHON CIRCULATION (sol). (See: THERMOSYPHON
PRINCIPLE)
F - circulation de thermosiphon
S - circulacion por termosifon
THERMOSYPHON EFFECT (sol). (See: THERMOSYPHON)
F - effet thermosiphon
S - efecto de termosifon
THERMOSYPHON PRINCIPLE (gen) (sol). The tendency of heated
liquids to rise. In a SOLAR WATER HEATER, this principle
is used to lift water from a SOLAR COLLECTOR to a storage
tank above it without the use of a pump.
F - principe du thermosiphon
S - principio de termosifon
THIN STILLAGE (biocon). The water soluble fraction of
FERMENTED MASH plus the mash water.
F - residu dilue de distillation
S - residuos liquidos
TIDAL ENERGY (ocean). The KINETIC ENERGY existing in the
tides by virtue of the moving mass of water.
F - energie des marees
S - energia mareal
TIDAL POWER (ocean). Mechanical POWER generated by the
rise and fall of ocean tides, which may be converted
into electricity.
F - puissance maremotrice
S - fuerza mareal
TILT ANGLE
TILT ANGLE (sol). The angle at which a SOLAR COLLECTOR is
tilted upward from the horizon for maximum solar exposure
and maximum heat collection.
F - angle d'inclination
S - angulo de inclinacion
TIME LAG (sol) (meas). (See: THERMAL LAG)
F - retard
S - tiempo de retardo
TIP SPEED (wind) (meas). The speed of the outer end or tip
of a BLADE of a WINDMILL ROTOR. This speed may be faster
than the rotation rate of the WIND SHAFT, and may be
faster or slower than the actual WIND SPEED.
F - vitesse peripherique
S - velocidad de giro de las aspas
TIP SPEED RATIO (wind) (meas). The quotient of the TIP
SPEED and the actual WIND SPEED.
F - quotient de vitesse peripherique
S - relacion de las velocidades de giro
TORQUE (gen). Any force that acts to produce rotation. The
measured ability of a rotating part, such as a gear or
shaft.
F - couple
S - par
TOTAL ENERGY HOUSE (gen). A house that is heated, cooled,
and receives its cooking and lighting POWER, completely
from ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES.
F - maison a energie integrale
S - casa energetica total
TOTAL SOLIDS (biocon) (meas). The proportion in weight of
solids in a sample of SLURRY or other EFFLUENT (e.g.
MASH).
F - fraction solide
S - solidos totales
TOWER (wind). The main supporting structure of a WIND
MACHINE. Towers are usually made of wood or steel, and
are suitably braced to withstand the stress to which
they are subjected.
F - pylone
S - torre
TOWER MILL (wind) (arc). A WINDMILL made of masonry or
brickwork, and usually fitted with a REVOLVING CAP.
F - eolienne sur pylone
S - molino de torre
TOXIN (bio) (biocon). A material that inhibits the growth
and metabolism of or kills micro-organisms, often by
interfering with the normal chemical or biochemical
processes. A toxin may cause a BIOGAS DIGESTER to stop
producing gas.
F - toxine
S - toxina
TREADLE POWER
TRACKED PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY (sol). A PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY
that follows the path of the sun across the sky.
F - dispositif photovoltaique a poursuite solaire
S - conjunto fotovoltaico de seguimiento
TRACKING (sol). Referring to adjustments that cause a
SOLAR COOKER or a SOLAR COLLECTOR to "track" or follow
the sun's path across the sky. Tracking is done either
automatically or manually.
F - poursuite du soleil
S - seguimiento
TRACKING CONTROL (sol) (impl). (See: AUTOMATIC TRACKING)
F - controle de la poursuite
S - control del seguimiento
TRAILING EDGE (wind). The edge of a WINDMILL BLADE that
lies on the side opposite the direction of rotation.
F - arete arriere
S - borde posterior
TRANSDUCER (gen). A device that converts ENERGY from one
form into another (e.g., PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL).
F - transducteur
S - transductor
TRANSFER MEDIUM (sol). A substance that carries heat From
a SOLAR COLLECTOR to a storage area or from a storage
area to be warmed in a collector. Transfer mediums are
usually either air, water, or antifreeze solutions.
F - agent de transfert
S - medio de transferencia
TRANSMITTANCE (sol) (meas). The ratio of the RADIANT
ENERGY transmitted through a substance to the total
radiant energy falling on its surface. Transmittance is
always affected by the thickness and composition of the
substance, as well as by the INCIDENT ANGLE.
F - facteur de transmission
S - transmision
TRASH RACK (hydr). A protective "screen" made of vertical
bars that catches leaves, grass, and debris, keeping
clear the intake of a HYDROPOWER device.
F - grille pare-bois
S - parrilla colectora
TREADLE MECHANISM (gen). (See: TREADLE POWER)
F - mecanisme a pedale
S - mecanismo de pedal
TREADLE POWER (gen). A use of foot POWER in which an
up-and-down motion of the foot on a pedal produces a
rotating motion on a machine.
F - puissance de pedale
S - energia producida por pedal
TREATED EFFLUENT
TREATED EFFLUENT (biocon). Discharge from a BIOGAS DIGESTER
that has been rendered harmless by reducing the
number of PATHOGENS in it. The treatment often consists
of either drying or COMPOSTING the EFFLUENT.
F - effluent traite
S - efluente tratado
TROMBE WALL (constr) (heat) (sol). A masonry wall located
directly inside windows that face the equator. The wall
functions simultaneously as a structural element of the
building and as a SOLAR COLLECTOR and HEAT STORAGE
unit. (See also: THERMAL MASS)
F - mur de trombe
S - pared de trombe
<FIGURE>
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TRUNION (impl) (wind). A pin or pivot that is mounted on
BEARINGS to rotate or turn something. It usually is used
as a WINDMILL component. (See also: TURNTABLE)
F - tourillon
S - munon
TURBULENCE
TUBE-IN-PLATE ABSORBER (sol). A metal ABSORBER PLATE with
passages through which HEAT TRANSFER FLUID flows.
F - absorbeur a tubes internes
S - absorbedor con placa de tubos
TUBE-TYPE COLLECTOR (sol). A COLLECTOR in which the
TRANSFER MEDIUM FLOWS through metal tubes fastened to an
ABSORBER PLATE.
F - capteur a tubes solidaires
S - colector con tubos
TURBINE (gen). A device that converts the ENERGY in a
stream of FLUID into mechanical energy. By passing the
stream through a system of fixed and/or moving BLADES, a
drive shaft is rotated.
F - turbine
S - turbina
TURBINE WHEEL (hydr). The part of a WATER TURBINE that is
attached to a drive shaft, and which holds the BLADES or
CUPS that cause the wheel to rotate when struck by a
stream of steam or water. The wheel rotates the shaft to
produce mechanical or electrical POWER. (Syn: RUNNER)
F - roue de turbine
S - rueda turbina
TURBULENCE (wind). Irregular motion and GUSTS in the WIND
SPEED. (See also: MECHANICAL TURBULENCE)
F - turbulence
S - turbulencia
TURGO IMPULSE TURBINE
TURGO IMPULSE TURBINE (hydr). An improved version of the
PELTON WHEEL in which the JET is set at an angle to the
face of the RUNNER. Water strikes the front of the
BUCKETS and discharges at the opposite side.
F - turbine a impulsion turgo
S - turbina de impulsion turgo
<FIGURE>
10p134.gif (437x540)
TURNAROUND EFFICIENCY (gen) (meas). The resulting
EFFICIENCY when ENERGY is converted from one form to
another and then changed back again into its original
form or state.
F - rendement aller-retour
S - eficiencia resultante
TURNTABLE (wind). A rotating platform on which the ROTOR,
ROTOR SHAFT, and TAIL of a WINDMILL may move to orient
the BLADES or SAILS into the wind.
F - plaque tournante
S - plataforma giratoria
U
ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION (sol). Electromagnetic RADIATION,
usually from the sun, that consists of wavelengths that
are shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum.
F - rayons ultra-violet
S - radiacion ultravioleta
UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL (hydr). A WATER WHEEL driven by
water that strikes the underside of the wheel.
F - roue en dessous
S - rueda hidraulica de admision inferior
<FIGURE>
10p135.gif (353x486)
UNDIGESTED SOLIDS (biocon). Heterogenous BIOMASS, contained
in either the SLURRY or EFFLUENT, which has not
DECOMPOSED in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F - solides non-digeres
S - solidos sin digerir
UNGLAZED COLLECTOR (sol). A COLLECTOR without a cover.
F - capteur non-vitre
S - colector no vidriado
UPDRAFT (prod) (gen). [1] Referring to a PRODUCER GAS
GENERATOR in which the air-gas mixture flows upward to
the engine. [2] Any cooking or heating device (e.g., a
KILN) in which air for CONVECTION or combustion flows
upward through the device.
F - tirage vers le haut
S - corriente aerea ascendente
UPLONG
UPLONG (wind) (arc). A longitudinal bar in the BACKSTAY of
a SAIL.
F - barre longitudinale
S - varilla longitudinal
UPWIND (wind). [1] On the same side as the direction from
which the wind is blowing (i.e. , in the path of the
oncoming wind). [2] A type of WINDMILL in which the
ROTOR remains between the oncoming wind and the TOWER.
F - vent de proue
S - viento contrario
<FIGURE>
10p136.gif (353x353)
USED OIL (heat). Automotive or other lubrication oil,
which is "used up" or no longer useful for its original
purpose. If mixed with water at a ratio of five to one,
and then dripped onto a heated metal sheet, used oil
will burst into flames. This makes it useful as a fuel.
(Syn: waste oil)
F - huile epuisee
S - aceite usado
U-VALUE
USEFUL ENERGY GAIN (sol). The ENERGY absorbed by a SOLAR
COLLECTOR that is not lost to the surrounding atmosphere
and which may be used for space or water heating.
F - gain energetique utile
S - ganancia de energia util
USEFUL SOLAR HEAT (sol). Heat delivered by a SOLAR COLLECTOR
that can be applied for cooking, heating, or
other purposes.
F - chaleur solaire utile
S - calor solar util
USEFUL WATER CAPACITY (hydr) (meas). The volume of water
that a reservoir can hold and usefully exploit, and
which lies between the lowest and highest levels normally
contained in the reservoir.
F - capacite utile en eau
S - capacidad aprovechable de agua
U-VALUE (heat) (meas). The amount of heat that FLOWS in or
out of a substance under constant conditions, in one
hour, when there is a one degree difference in temperature
between the air inside and outside the building.
U-value is the inverse of RESISTANCE-VALUE.
F - valeur U
S - valor U
V
VACUUM DISTILLATION (gen). DISTILLATION under reduced
pressure. This lowers the boiling point of the distilled
material so that it will not crack or decompose.
F - distillation sous vide
S - vacuodestilacion
VALVE ASSEMBLY (gen). The assembled parts of a valve.
F - garniture de soupape
S - montaje de valvula
VANE [1] (hydr) (See: GUIDE VANE); [2] (wind) (See: TAIL)
F - aube
S - aspa
VAPOR LOCK (auto). A blockage in a fuel line that is
caused when the fuel vaporizes.
F - tampon de vapeur
S - obstruccion por vapor
VAPOR PRESSURE (chem) (meas). The pressure of a vapor
while in contact with its solid or liquid form. This is
also referred to as saturated vapor pressure. The
pressure rises with any increase in temperature.
F - tension de vapeur
S - presion del vapor
VERTICAL-AXIS WATER WHEEL (hydr). A WATER WHEEL that
drives a vertical axis instead of the more common
horizontal axis
F - roue hydraulique a axe vertical
S - rueda hidraulica de eje vertical
VERTICAL-AXIS WIND MACHINE (wind). A WIND MACHINE in which
the WINDSHAFT is on a vertical axis. This type of device
may accept wind from any direction. (See also: DARRIEUS
ROTOR; SAVONIUS ROTOR)
F - eolienne axe vertical
S - generador eolico de eje vertical
VIOLET CELL (sol). A type of SILICON SOLAR CELL that is
more effective than conventional PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS in
converting sunlight to electricity from the violet and
ULTRA-VIOLET range of the light spectrum.
F - cellule violette
S - celula violeta
VISCOSITY (chem). The resistance to FLOW or change of
shape due to molecular cohesion and internal friction in
FLUIDS. Viscosity varies inversely with temperature.
F - viscosite
S - viscosidad
VOLATILE ACIDS
VOLATILE (gen) (refrig). [1] Easily burned, unstable, or
explosive. [2] Liquids that are readily evaporated at a
relatively low temperature.
F - volatile
S - volatil
VOLATILE ACIDS (biocon). Fatty ACIDS of a low molecular
weight. These acids are very SOLUBLE.
F - acides volatiles
S - acidos volatiles
W - X
WASTE CONVERSION TO ENERGY (biocon). (See: BIOCONVERSION)
F - conversion des dechets en energie
S - conversion energetica de desperdicios
WASTE HEAT (heat). Heat that is left after useful ENERGY
generation.
F - chaleur perdue [1]
S - calor perdido
WATER-AIR HEAT EXCHANGER (heat). A HEAT EXCHANGER in which
FLUIDS may either be heated or cooled by water or air.
F - echangeur de chaleur eau/air
S - termopermutador de agua-aire
WATER BED (sol). Shallow plastic bags that are filled with
water and placed on roofs of homes or buildings. In
cooler climates, the bags collect SOLAR ENERGY during
the day, and radiate heat to the building during the day
and radiate this heat to the sky at night, thus cooling
the building. In warmer climates, panels are placed over
the bags during the day and removed at night so the bags
can draw off heat from the building and keep it cool.
F - lit d'eau
S - lecho de agua
WATER CHUTE (hydr). A steep CHANNEL by which water
descends in force. Water chutes are used to create or
increase the HEAD for a HYDROPOWER system.
F - chute d'eau
S - caida de agua
WATER HYACINTHS (biocon). A type of water plant with a
high carbon content, which makes it very useful as
FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS production.
F - eichornia
S - jacinto de agua
WATER JACKET (auto) (prod). A casing or compartment
containing water that is placed around all or part of a
device to keep it cool, as around the cylinders or
cylinder head of an internal combustion engine.
F - chemise a eau
S - envuelta de agua
WATER MILL (hydr). A MILL driven by a WATER WHEEL.
F - moulin hydraulique
S - molino hidraulico
WATERPOWER (hydr). The ENERGY in water as derived from its
weight or momentum, and which may be used to drive
machinery, generate electricity, or for other purposes.
(Syn: HYDROPOWER)
F - energie hydraulique
S - energia hidraulica
W.E.C.S. OR WECS
WATER PUMPING WINDMILLS (wind). (See: WIND-POWERED PUMP)
F - eoliennes de pompage
S - molinos de viento con bombas hidraulicas
WATER SEAL (biocon). The part of a GASHOLDER designed to
prevent the METHANE from mixing with air and becoming
potentially explosive. It generally is created by
submerging a portion of the holder in water.
F - joint hydraulique
S - junta hidraulica
WATERSHED (hydr). [1] the divide or crestline dividing two
drainage areas. [2] The area draining into a river,
stream etc.
F - [1] ligne de partage des eaux; [2] bassin
hydrographique
S - divisoria de aguas
WATER TURBINE (hydr). A device that converts the ENERGY
of falling water into rotating mechanical energy. Water
turbines are usually smaller than WATER WHEELS and
operate at the higher speeds required to generate
electricity.
F - turbine hydraulique
S - turbina hidraulica
WATER WHEEL (hydr). A wheel with BUCKETS or BLADES that
allow it to be turned by the weight or velocity of
falling water or by water moving underneath it.
F - roue hydraulique
S - rueda hidraulica
WATT (elec) (meas). The unit rate at which work is done in
an electrical circuit. One watt equals one JOULE of work
per second.
F - watt
S - vatio
WAVE POWER (ocean). The production of electricity by
harnessing ocean wave movements through the use of
specialized TURBINES or other devices.
F - energie des vagues
S - energia de las olas
WEATHERED SAILS (wind) (arc). SAILS with variable pitch
from the inner to the outer edge.
F - ailes a airage
S - velas inclinadas
WEATHER STRIPPING (gen). Narrow strips of rubber, felt,
metal or other material that are used to conserve ENERGY
by preventing air INFILTRATION around doors or windows.
F - bourrelets d'etancheite
S - moldura
W.E.C.S. or WECS (wind). (See: WIND ENERGY CONVERSION
SYSTEM)
F - S.C.E.E. ou SCEE
S - S.C.E.E. o SCEE
WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION
WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION (wind) (meas). A probability density
function that allows one to model the WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION
for a given site, based on certain input parameters.
A mathematical application of the Weibull
probability density function gives the wind speed distribution.
The Weibull distribution is a two-parameter
function, whereas the RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION is a simplified
Weibull that only uses one parameter. (See also:
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION)
F - distribution de Weibull
S - distribucion de Weibull
WEIR (hydr). An obstruction placed across a stream to
divert the water to make it FLOW through a desired
CHANNEL, which may be a notch or opening in the weir
itself. A weir also is that part of a dam, embankment,
CANAL, etc. that contains gates, and over which surplus
water flows. A calibrated rod can be placed before the
opening in a weir to measure flow. Weirs are sometimes
set up exclusively as flow-measuring devices. (Syn:
waterweir)
F - deversoir
S - presa de aforo
<FIGURE>
10p142.gif (600x600)
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE (meas). A measure of the relative
humidity in a room. It is taken by a special thermometer
whose bulb is kept wet.
F - temperature de bulbe humide
S - temperatura de bola humeda
WIND ELECTRIC SYSTEM
WET SLURRY (biocon). (See: LIQUID SLURRY)
F - boue humide
S - fango mojado
WET STEAM (geo). Underground water that is hotter than the
boiling point, but which remains liquid because of high
surrounding pressures. Reservoirs of this superheated
water may be tapped, producing a mixture of water and
steam that flows to the surface and which may provide
power for a TURBINE or other machinery.
F - vapeur humide
S - vapor saturado
WHEELS (wind) (arc). (See: ROLLERS)
F - roues
S - muelas
WHIP (wind) (arc). The principal longitudinal frame for
the individual WINDMILL SAIL. It is strapped and bolted
to the face of the BLADE.
F - bras [2]
S - varillaje
WIND CONCENTRATOR (wind). A device or structure that is
used to concentrate a wind stream.
F - concentrateur du vent
S - concentrador de viento
<FIGURE>
10p143.gif (317x317)
WIND DIRECTION (wind). The forward course along which the
wind is blowing.
F - direction du vent
S - direccion del viento
WIND ELECTRIC SYSTEM (wind). A system in which a WINDMILL
is used to generate electricity. A windmill can either
be used with an ALTERNATOR or DYNAMO to provide electricity,
which is either stored in batteries or used
directly to run appliances.
F - electricite eolienne, systeme de
S - sistema electrogeno eolico
WIND ENERGY
WIND ENERGY (wind). ENERGY that is tapped from the natural
movement of the air. Wind energy is considered a form of
SOLAR ENERGY because wind is caused by variations in the
amount of heat that the sun sends to different parts of
the earth. It may be converted into electrical or
mechanical POWER through the use of a WIND MACHINE.
F - energie du vent
S - energia eolica
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM (wind). The conversion of
WIND ENERGY into electrical, mechanical, or thermal
energy through the use of WIND MACHINES. Commonly
abbreviated as W.E.C.S. or WECS.
F - conversion de l'energie eolienne, systeme de
S - sistema de conversion de la energia eolica
WIND FURNACE (wind). A WIND MACHINE that converts WIND
POWER into HEAT ENERGY.
F - four eolien
S - horno eolico
WIND GAUGE (wind) (meas). Any instrument that measures
WIND VELOCITY. (Syn: ANEMOMETER)
F - indicateur de vent
S - anemometro
WIND GENERATOR (wind). A type of WINDMILL that extracts
ENERGY from the wind to produce electricity by driving a
GENERATOR. It generally has two or three narrow BLADES
that turn at a high speed, often using gearing to
multiply the number of revolutions per minute up to a
range required by the generator.
F - eolienne generatrice
S - generador eolico
<FIGURE>
10p144.gif (353x353)
WIND LOAD RATING
WINDING (wind) (arc). The action of turning the WINDMILL
CAP into the WIND. This is done either automatically or
manually. (Pronounced to rhyme with finding.)
F - virer
S - venteamiento
<FIGURE>
10p145.gif (486x285)
WIND LOAD RATING (wind) (meas). A specification used to
indicate the resistance of a WINDMILL TOWER to the force
of the wind.
F - puissance eolienne nominale
S - clasificador de la carga eolica
WIND MACHINE
WIND MACHINE (wind). Any of several types of wind-driven
devices that are used to extract useful POWER from the
wind.
F - eolienne
S - maquina eolica
WIND MEASUREMENT (wind). (See: BEAUFORT SCALE)
F - mesure du vent
S - medicion eolica
WINDMILL (wind). In a strictly technical sense, only those
wind-powered MACHINES that drive MILLS to grind grain.
However, the term is generally used to describe WIND
MACHINES of all kinds. A windmill is powered by wind
pressure, and usually has a slowly turning ROTOR with
two or more BLADES attached to it. The blades are turned
by the wind, thus rotating the rotor and the WIND
SHAFT. In this way, WIND ENERGY is converted to
mechanical energy. Some typical windmill applications
include water pumping, milling or threshing, and
electricity generation.
F - moulin a vent, eolienne
S - molino de viento
WIND POWER (wind) (meas). Power available from the wind
that can be used by various types of WIND MACHINES. It
can be expressed as: P = E(.5)[DAV.sup.3], where:
A = SWEPT AREA in square meters
V = WIND VELOCITY in meters/sec
P = power in KILOWATTS
D = air density in kilograms/cubic meters
E = EFFICIENCY of the device expressed as a percentage
F - puissance du vent
S - potencia eolica
WIND-POWERED PUMP (wind). A water-lifting device driven by
a WIND MACHINE.
F - pompe a energie eolienne
S - bomba de aeromotor
WIND ROSE (wind) (meas). A two-dimensional graph that
shows monthly or yearly mean WIND SPEEDS as well as a
distribution of wind speeds. It usually indicates the
speed and the percentage of time that the wind blows
from eight to 16 different directions.
F - rose des vents
S - rosa de los vientos
WIND ROTOR (wind). (See: ROTOR)
F - rotor d'eolienne
S - rotor eolico
WIND SHAFT (wind). The metal rod attached to and turned by
the ROTOR to provide mechanical POWER.
F - arbre d'eolienne
S - eje eolico
WIND SPEED (wind). (See: WIND VELOCITY; BEAUFORT SCALE)
F - vitesse du vent
S - caudal del viento
WORT
WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION (wind) (meas). A two-dimensional
graph that shows the total time or the percentage of
time that the wind blows at each WIND SPEED at a particular
location. It differs from a WIND ROSE in that it
can give a grand total of wind speeds, regardless of
their directions.
F - distribution des vitesses du vent
S - distribucion del canal del viento
WIND TURBINE (wind). (See: WIND MACHINE)
F - turbine A vent
S - turbina eolica
WIND VELOCITY (wind) (meas). The speed of air movement
measured in miles per hour or meters per second. The
amount of POWER available from the wind depends in part
on the WIND SPEED or velocity. It is a peculiarity of
WIND POWER that the ENERGY available increases as the
cube of the wind velocity. Wind velocity may be measured
by an ANEMOMETER.
F - vitesse du vent
S - velocidad del viento
WINKLER PROCESS (prod). A FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIER process,
which produces a low or medium BTU gas from a wide
variety of coals.
F - procede de Winkler
S - proceso de Winkler
WOOD ALCOHOL (alc). (See: METHANOL)
F - alcool de bois
S - alcohol metilico
WOOD GAS (prod). (See: PRODUCER GAS)
F - gaz de bois
S - gas metilico
WOOD STOVE (biocon). A stove that uses wood and most wood
residues as fuel.
F - poele a bois
S - estufa de lena
WORM (alc) (impl) (wind) (arc). [1] A type of CONDENSER
used in ALCOHOL STILLS. It is a coiled metal tube that
leads from the still to a container holding cool water.
It increases the rate of CONDENSATION and therefore the
purity of the alcohol produced. [2] A cylindrical gear
that supports a helical thread. It frequently is used in
WINDMILL WINDING gears.
F - [1] serpentin; [2] vis sans fin
S - tornillo sin fin
WORT (alc). The liquid portion of MASH that has not yet
been inoculated with YEAST. It is a brewing term that
describes the mash when it is between the BREWING MASH
stage and the FERMENTATION period.
F - avoi
S - mosto no fermentado
Y
YAW AXIS (wind). The vertical axis about which a HORIZONTAL
AXIS WINDMILL rotates to align itself with the
wind.
F - axe de lacet
S - eje vertical
YEAST (alc) (bio). A single-celled micro-organism that can
change simple sugars into ETHANOL and carbon dioxide by
FERMENTATION. Yeasts are one type of FUNGI.
F - levure
S - levadura
YOKE (ani) (impl). A contrivance that joins together a
pair of draft animals, especially oxen, and which generally
consists of a crosspiece with bow-shaped pieces
that fit over the shoulders of the animals.
F - joug
S - yugo
<FIGURE>
10p148.gif (486x486)
Z
ZERO TILL (agri). An ENERGY-CONSERVING method of agriculture
that requires little or no plowing or turning of
the soil.
F - labourage nul
S - cero arado
ZONAL WIND (wind). Winds that blow approximately along the
local perallel of the LATITUDE.
F - vent zonal
S - viento zonal
ZONE HEAT (heat). A central heating system in which different
temperatures may be maintained in two or more of
the areas being heated.
F - chauffage par zone
CONVERSION TABLES
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
acres 43,560 square feet
acres 4,047 square meters
acres 1.562 X [10.sup.-3] square miles
acres 0.004047 square kilometers
acres 4840 square yards
atmospheres 76.0 cms of mercury
atmospheres 29.92 inches of mercury
stmospheres 10,333 kgs/square meter
atmospheres 14.70 pounds/square inch
British thermal units 0.2530 kilogram-calories
B.t.u. 777.5 foot-pounds
B.t.u. 3.927 X [10.sup.-4] horsepower-hours
B.t.u. 1,054 joules
B.t.u. 107.5 kilogram-meters
B.t.u. 2.928 X [10.sup.-4] kilowatt-hours
B.t.u./min. 0.02356 horsepower
B.t.u./min. 0.01757 kilowatts
B.t.u./min. 17.57 watts
calories 0.003968 B.t.u.
calories 3.08596 foot-pounds
calories 1.1622 X [10.sup.-6] kilowatt-hours
centimeters 0.3937 inches
centimeters 0.01 meters
centimeters of mercury 0.1934 pounds/square inch
centimeters/second 1.969 feet/minute
centimeters/second 0.036 kilometer/hour
centimeters/second 0.6 meters/minute
centimeters/second 0.02237 miles/hour
cubic centimeters [10.sup.-6] cubic meters
cubic centimeters 6.102 X [10.sup.-2] cubic inches
cubic centimeters 3.531 X [10.sup.-5] cubic feet
cubic centimeters 1.308 X [10.sup.-6] cubic yards
cubic feet 1,728 cubic inches
cubic feet 0.02832 cubic meters
cubic feet 2.832 X [10.sup.4] cubic centimeters
cubic feet 7.481 gallons
cubic feet 28.32 liters
cubic feet/minute 472.0 cubic cms/second
cubic feet/minute 0.1247 gallons/second
cubic feet/minute 0.4720 liters/second
cubic feet/minute 62.4 pounds water/min
cubic inches 5.787 X [10.sup.-4] cubic feet
cubic inches 1.639 X [10.sup.-5] cubic meters
cubic inches 2.143 X [10.sup.-5] cubic yards
cubic meters 35.31 cubic feet
cubic meters 264.2 gallons
cubic meters [10.sup.3] liters
cubic yards 7.646 X [10.sup.5] cubic centimeters
cubic yards 27.0 cubic feet
cubic yards 46,656 cubic inches
cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters
cubic yards 202.0 gallons
cubic yards 764.6 liters
cubic yards/min. 0.45 cubic feet/second
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
cubic yards/min. 3.367 gallons/second
cubic yards/min. 12.74 liters/second
degrees (angle) 60 minutes
degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians
degrees (angle) 3,600 seconds
dynes 1.020 X [10.sup.-3] grams
dynes 2.248 X [10.sup.-6] pounds
ergs 9.486 X [10.sup.11] B.t.u.
ergs 1 dyne-centimeters
ergs 7.376 X [10.sup.-8 foot-pounds
ergs [10.sup.-7] joules
ergs 2.390 X [10.sup.-11] kilogram-calories
ergs 1.020 X [10.sup.-8] kilogram-meters
ergs/second 1.341 X [10.sup.-10] horsepower
ergs/second [10.sup.-10] kilowatts
feet 30.48 centimeters
feet 0.3048 meters
feet/second 18.29 meters/minute
foot-pounds 1.286 X [10.sup.-3] B.t.u.
foot-pounds 1.356 X [10.sup.7] ergs
foot-pounds 5.050 X [10.sup.-7] horsepower-hours
foot-pounds 3.241 X [10.sup.-4] kilogram-calories
foot-pounds 0.1383 kilogram-meters
foot-pounds 3.766 X [10.sup.-7] kilowatt-hours
foot-pounds/minute 1.286 X [10.sup.-3] B.t.u./minute
foot-pounds/minute 0.01667 foot-pounds/second
foot-pounds/minute 3.241 X [10.sup.-4] kg-calories/min
foot-pounds/minute 2.260 X [10.sup.-5] kilowatts
foot-pounds/second 7.172 X [10.sup.-2] B.t.u./minute
foot-pounds/second 1.818 X [10.sup.-3] horsepower
foot-pounds/second 1.945 X [10.sup.-2] kg-calories/min
foot-pounds/second 1.356 X [10.sup.-3] kilowatts
gallons 0.1337 cubic feet
gallons 231 cubic inches
gallons 3.785 X [10.sup.-3] cubic meters
gallons 3.785 liters
gallons/minute 2.228 X [10.sup.-3] cubic feet/second
gallona/minute 0.06308 liters/second
grams [10.sup.-3] kilograms
grams [10.sup.3] miligrams
grams 0.03527 ounces
grams 0.03215 troy ounces
grams/cubic centimeter 62.43 pounds/cubic feet
grams centimeters 9.297 X [10.sup.-8] B.t.u.
horsepower 42.44 B.t.u./minute
horsepower 33,000 foot-pounds/minute
horsepower 550 foot-pounds/second
horsepower 10.70 kg-calories/min
harsepower 0.7457 kilowatts
horsepower 745.7 watts
horsepower 1.014 horsepower(metric)
horsepower-hours 2547 B.t.u.
horsepower-hours 1.98 X [10.sup.6] foot-pounds
horsepower-hours 641.7 kilogram-calories
horsepower-hours 2.737 X [10.sup.5] kilogram-meters
horsepower-hours 0.7457 kilowatt-hours
horsepower-hours 2.684 X [10.sup.6] joules
inches 2.540 centimeters
inches 254.0 millimeters
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
inches of mercury 0.03342 atmospheres
inches of mercury 1.133 feet of water
inches of mercury 345.3 kgs/sq meter
inches of mercury 70.73 pounds/sq foot
inches of mercury 0.4912 pounds/sq inch
inches of water 0.002458 atmospheres
inches of water 0.07355 inches of mercury
inches of water 25.40 kgs/square meter
inches of water 0.5781 ounces/square inch
inches of water 5.204 pounds/square foot
inches of water 0.03613 pounds/square inch
joules 0.0009458 B.t.u.
joules 0.73756 foot-pounds
joules 0.0002778 watt-hours
joules 1.0 watt-seconds
kilograms 980,665 dynes
kilograms [10.sup.3] grams
kilograms 2.2046 pounds
kilograms 1.102 X [10.sup.-3] short tons
kilogram-calories 3.968 B.t.u.
kilogram-calories 3,086 foot-pounds
kilogram-calories 1.558 X [10.sup.-3] horsepower-hours
kilogram-calories 4,183 joules
kilogram-calories 426.6 kilogram-meters
kilogram-calories/min. 51.43 foot-pounds/second
kilogram-calories/min. 0.09351 horsepower
kilogram-calories/min. 0.06972 kilowatts
kilograms/hectare .893 pounds/acre
kilometers [10.sup.5] centimeters
kilometers 0.6214 miles
kilometers 3,281 feet
kilometers 1,000 meters
kilometers 1093.6 yards
kilometers/hour 27.78 centimetere/sec
kilometers/hour 54.68 feet/minute
kilometers/hour 0.9113 feet/second
kilometers/hour 0.5396 knots/hour
kilometers/hour 16.67 meters/hour
kilometers/hour 0.6214 miles/hour
kilowatts 56.92 B.t.u./minute
kilowatts 4.425 X [10.sup.4] foot-pounds/minute
kilowatts 737.6 foot-pounds/second
kilowatts 1.341 horsepower
kilowatts 14.34 kg-calories/min
kilowatts [10.sup.3] watts
kilowatts-hours 3,412 B.t.u.
kilowatts-hours 2.655 X [10.sup.6] foot-pounds
kilowatts-hours 1.341 horsepower-hours
kilowatts-hours 3.6 X [10.sup.6] joules
kilowatts-hours 860.5 kilogram-calories
kilowatts-hours 3.671 X [10.sup.5] kilogram-meters
meters 100 centimeters
meters 3.2808 feet
meters 39.37 inches
meters [10.sup.-3] kilometers
meters [10.sup.3] millimeters
meters 1.0936 yards
meter-kilograms 9.807 X [10.sup.7] centimeter-dynes
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
meter-kilograms [10.sup.5] centimeter-grams
meter-kilograms 7.233 pound-feet
meters/minute 1.667 centimeters/second
meters/minute 3.281 feet/minute
meters/minute 0.05468 feet/second
meters/minute 0.06 kilometers/hour
meters/minute 0.03728 miles/hour
meters/second 196.8 feet/minute
meters/second 3.281 feet/second
meters/second 3.6 kilometers/hour
meters/second 0.06 kilometers/minute
meters/second 2.237 miles/hour
meters/second 0.03728 miles/minute
miles 1.609 X [10.sup.5] centimeters
miles 5,280 feet
miles 1.6093 kilometers
miles 1,760 yards
miles/min 88.0 feet/second
miles/min 1.6093 kilometers/minute
miles/min 0.8684 knots/minute
ounces 8.0 drams
ounces 437.5 grains
ounces 28.35 grams
ounces 0.625 pounds
ounces/square inch 0.0625 pounds/square inch
pints (dry) 33.60 cubic inches
pints (liquid) 28.87 cubic inches
pounds 444,823 dynes
pounds 7,000 grains
pounds 453.6 grams
pounds 0.45 kilograms
pounds of water 0.01602 cubic feet
pounds of water 27.68 cubic inches
pounds of water 0.1198 gallons
pounds of water/min. 2.669 X [10.sup.-4] cubic feet/second
pounds/cubic foot 0.01602 grams/cubic cms.
pounds/cubic foot 16.02 kgs/cubic meter
pounds/cubic foot 5.787 X [10.sup.-4] pounds/cubic inch
pounds/square foot 4.882 kgs/sq meter
pounds/square foot 6.944 X [10.sup.-3] pounds/square inch
pounds/square inch 0.06304 atmospheres
pounds/square inch 703.1 kgs/square meter
pounds/square inch 144.0 pounds/square foot
quarts (dry) 67.20 cubic inches
quarts (liquid) 57.75 cubic inches
quadrants (angle) 90 degrees
quadrants (angle) 5,400 minutes
quadrants (angle) 1.571 radians
radians 57.30 degrees
radians 3,438 minutes
radians/second 57.30 degrees/second
raidans/second 0.1592 revolutions/second
revolutions 360.0 degrees
revolutions 4.0 quadrants
revolutions 6.283 radians
revolutions/minute 6.0 degrees/second
square centimeters 1.076 X [10.sup.-3] square feet
square centimeters 0.1550 square inches
square centimeters [10.sup.-6] square meters
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
square centimeters 100 square millimeters
square feet 2.296 X [10.sup.-5] acres
square feet 929.0 square centimeters
square feet 144.0 square inches
square feet 0.09290 square meters
square feet 3.587 X [10.sup.-8] square miles
square feet 0.1111 square yards
square inches 6.452 square centimeters
square inches 645.2 square millimeters
square meters 2.471 X [10.sup.-4] acres
square meters 10.764 square feet
square meters 3.861 X [10.sup.-7] square miles
square meters 1.196 square yards
square miles 640.0 acres
square miles 2.7878 X [10.sup.7] square feet
square miles 2.590 square kilometers
square miles 3.098 X [10.sup.6] square yards
square yards 2.066 X [10.sup.-4] acres
square yards 9.0 square feet
square yards 0.8361 square meters
square yards 3.228 X [10.sup.-7 square miles
temp (degs C) + 237 1.0 abs temp (degs K)
temp (degs C) + 17.8 1.8 temp (degs F)
temp (deqs F) - 32 5/9 temp (degs C)
tons (long) 1,016 kilograms
tons (long) 2,240 pounds
tons (metric) [10.sup.3] kilograms
tons (metric) 2,205 pounds
tons (short) 907.2 kilograms
tons (short) 2,000 pounds
tons (short)/sq. foot 9,765 kgs/square meter
tons (short)/sq. foot 13.89 pounds/square inch
tons (short)/sq. inch 1.406 X [10.sup.6] kgs/square meter
tons (short)/sq. inch 2,000 pounds/square inch
yards 0.9144 meters
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